PELATIHAN METODA
PENELITIAN KUALITATIF & EKPERIMEN SERTA PUBLIKASI INTERNASIONAL
STIE PERBANAS
SURABAYA, 30—31 JULI 2018
PEMBUKAAN
1. Dr. Immanuel (Wakil Ketua Bidang Akademik
STIE PERBANAS Surabaya)
Pelatihan ini merupakan
pengembangan keilmuan, khususnya bidang riset.
Selain itu, juga ada kiat-kiat untuk menembus publikasi internasional.
Perspektif metoda kualitatif &
eksperimen di bidang akuntansi tidak banyak dilakukan, sehingga hasil dari
pelatihan ini bisa menjadi pengayaan riset akuntansi. Pelatihan ini juga menjadi ajang kerjasama
antar dosen & perguruan tinggi baik nasional maupun internasional.
2. Prof. Dr. Intiyas Utami (CV Smart Indana
Parama)
Publikasi intrnasional sebagai
sarana pengembangan karis & peningkatan kesejahteraan dosen. Bukan sekadar aktualisasi diri tetapi juga
menjadi sumber pendapatan lain.
SESI 1. METODA
PENELITIAN KUALITATIF
Oleh: Prof. Dr.
Nafsiah Mohamed (Accounting Research Institute of UITM Malaysia)
Tolok ukur publikasi adalah SCOPUS.
Pemilihan metoda penelitian tergantung dari tujuan penelitian
dilakukan & motivasi dari peneliti.
Apa itu riset kualitatif?
Riset kualitatif merupakan konsep payung untuk mengerti
& menjelaskan fenomena sosial sebagai disrupi dari kondisi natural. Digunakan untuk mengetahui secara mendalam
tentang sebuah fenomena dengan menemukan fakta-faktanya. Dipergunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan
mengapa? Mengapa? & mengapa?
Riset kualitatif merupakan strategi riset dengan beberapa
karakteristik seperti penggalian data yang halus, kaya dengan deskripsi, tempat
& perbincangan, & tidak mudah dianalisis dengan prosedur
statistik. Tantangan sekaligus kelebihan
dari riset kualitatif adalah mencari & memperoleh data. Data dapat dicari dengan berbagai cara &
alternatif.
Karakterisktik riset kualitatif: (1) Deskripsi:
mendeskripsikan fenomena & isu-isu terkini; (2) perspektif etika; (3)
partisipan & ahli; (4) natural
setting; (5) emergent.
Pengembangan teori dalam riset kualitatif tidak kaku, teori
datang setelah eksplorasi terhadap fenomena dilakukan dengan mendalam. Jadi, teori mengikuti fakta. Sedangkan dalam penelitian kuantitatif,
diawali dengan teori terlebih dahulu untuk dibuktikan kebenarannya. Jadi, fakta mengikuti teori. Hasil temuan
riset kualitatif dipergunakan untuk eksplorasi penyebab masalah, menemukan akar
masalah.
Contoh:
Regulasi & Fraud
Regulasi baik tetapi fraud masih banyak terjadi, mengapa?
Pendekatan Agencies
Theory: Principles harus menyampaikan regulasi pada karyawan.
1.
Principles
tidak menyampaikan sehingga karyawan tidak tahu.
2.
Principles
telah menyampaikan tetapi karyawan tidak tahu.
3.
Principles
telah menyampaikan tetapi karyawan tidam mau tahu.
Riset kualiatis menggunakan pendekatan induktif. Observasi à
pengukuran à konklusi
& generalisasi.
Tipe-tipe riset kualitatif: (1) grounded theory; (2) Etnography;
(3) Phenomenology; (4) Field Research.
Metode-metode riset kualitatif: (1) participant observation; (2) direct
observation; (3) unstructured &
intensive interview; (4) case study.
Mendesain riset kualitatif: (1) identifikasi topik riset;
(2) Mengapa? Untuk menari akar masalah atau penyebab utama munculnya fenomena.
Catatan:
1.
Pemilihan metode penelitian (kuantitatif atau
kualitatif) tergantung dari tujuan penelitian.
Kuantitatif: untuk melihat hubungan fenomena yang berlaku. Kualitatif: untuk mencari penyebab fenomena
yang terjadi.
2.
Latar belakang à
problem statement àmemilih metpen sesuai
tujuan penelitian à hubungan atau persepsi
(kuantitatif) atau mengapa fenomena terjadi (kualitatif).
3.
Alat analisis riset kualitatif adalah content analysis dari common characteristic interview.
4.
Pertanyaan riset yang sama, tetapi dengan tujuan
yang berbeda, akan membedakan metpen yang akan dipergunakan. Kata-kata kunci dalam pertanyaan riset akan
menunjukkan tujuan penelitian & metpen yang dipergunakan.
5.
Data & analisis riset kualitatif diperoleh
dari wawancara semi terstuktur.
6.
Riset kualitatif dipergunakan untuk konfirmasi teori.
7.
Perspektif dalam jurnal-jurnal internasional
masih dikuasai oleh perspektif kuantitatif.
Jurnal-jurnal SCOPUS hanya menerima hasil-hasil penelitian empiris
(kuantitatif maupun kualitatif). Hanya
Q4 yang masih menerima concept paper walau
harus cukup mendasar & mendalam.
8.
Standar minimum kecukupan data riset kualitatif
tidak terstandar tetapi tergantung pada jawaban yang telah diperoleh &
tujuan riset. Disarankan untuk
menggunakan metoda trianugulasi (data & metoda). Reliabilitas data ditentukan oleh
reliabilitas partisipan. Reliabilitas
data tergantung pada kualitas sumber data (partisipan).
9.
Analisis & interpretasi data kualitatif
dilakukan untuk menemukan jawaban yang mengakar dari sebuah fenomena. Dosen-dosen Akuntansi Sektor Publik cenderung
untuk menggunakan riset kualitatif.
10.
Saat yang tepat untuk melakukan riset kualitatif
tergantung pada (1) tujuan penelitian; (2)
faktor atau variabel yang ditentukan sebelumnya; & (3) untuk
menemukan informasi yang terbaru (novelty
of the research).
11.
Pertanyaan mengapa tidak selalu terjawab &
harus terus dicari dari teori-teori penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya untuk
dijadikan asumsi jawaban yang bersifat kemungkinan (minimal 2 asumsi)
12.
Scoring,
indexing, & coding tergantung metoda penggalian data & hasil data yang
diperoleh.
13.
Alokasi waktu cukup tinggi untuk menyusun
analisis dan bukan pada penggalian data.
Berbeda dengan survey (kuantitatif) yang lama untuk menyusun instrumen
tetapi cepat dalam melakukan analisis.
14.
Untuk penelitian setingkat Sarjana (S1) tidak
dianjurkan menggunakan metpen kualitatif, dikarenakan masalah reliabilitas
& validitas data yang diperolehnya.
Bila ada yang menggunakan riset kuantitatif harus dipastikan kualitas
data & kedalaman analisisnya. Riset
Sarjana (S1) bukan ditujukan untuk hasil riset yang mendalam tetapi untuk
ketaatan pada proses penelitian yang baik & benar.
15.
Untuk Sarjana (S1) sebaiknya menggunakan riset
kuantitatif, membuktikan relasi antara variabel saja. Sederhana tetapi mengajarkan ketaatan pada
proses penelitian. Riset kualitatif
cocok untuk riset Magister (S2) & Doktoral (S3) karena untuk menjawab
perntanyaan “mengapa” fenomena terjadi.
Tugas:
Judul 1: Penyalahgunaan Aset: Analisis Perilaku Aparatur
Sipil Negara
Pertanyaan Riset: Mengapa ASN tidak menganggap penyalahgunaan
Aset Negara sebagai Fraud?
Judul 2: Is Corporate
Responsibility a Responsibility?
Pertanyaan Riset: Mengapa korporasi menerbitkan Laporan
Pertanggung Jawabannya? Karena kewajiban atau sukarela? Apa komitmen & motivasinya?
Materi Bacaan:
What Is Qualitative Research
“... an umbrella concept covering several forms of inquiry
that help us to understand and explain the meaning of social penomena with as
little disruption of natural setting as possible” (Meirian, 2001, p5).
“The term umbrella refers to several research that share
certain characteristics. The data
collected have been termed soft, that is rich in description of people, places
and conservations, and not easity handled by statistical procedures.” (Bogdan
& Biklen, 1998, p2)
Pemilihan metoda riset tergantung pada tujuan penelitian
& motivasi peneliti. Riset
kualitatif bertujuan untuk mengetahui secara mendalam sebuah fenomena. Didasarkan pada pertanyaan mengapa? Mengapa?
Dan mengapa?
Tantangan & sekaligus kelebihan riset kualitatif adalah
bagaimana mencari & menganalisis data.
Data dapat diperoleh dengan berbagai macam altenatif metoda penggalian
data.
Qualitative Research
Characteristics:
1.
Descriptive
Mendeskripsikan fenoma & isu-isu terkini.
2.
Emic Perspective
Behavior or a belief to the respondens.
“Etic” is a description of a behavior or belief by and observer.
3.
Participant, the expert
4.
Natural Setting
5.
Emergent
Who Undertake
Qualitative Researh:
Very wide use by:
1.
Sociologists: study of human society or
organizational behavior.
2.
Anthropologists: study of human learning
behavior.
3.
Psychologists: study of human psyce or human
behavior.
How about...
1.
Management scientists?
2.
Accounting scientists?
3.
Finance scientists?
4.
Economists?
Why Qualitative
Research?
1.
Getting in-depth information – thick
description, holistic.
2.
Getting new perspectice – undertanding the emic
perspective.
3.
Getting better understanding of new things or
phenomenon.
4.
Understanding the phenomenon on its own
environment – natural context.
5.
To develop and not testing.
Theory Development
Nature of Theories
1.
Establishing relationships.
2.
Theory construction is a process of
simplification and representation of reality.
3.
Reliability of theory dependen upon facts and
interpetation of those facts.
4.
Explanatioan e.g. a set of observations.
5.
Scientific theories – assumptions require
verification by the test of experience (empirical).
6.
Empirical theories assist in making predictions.
Pengembangan rerangka teoretis tidak sekaku metoda
kuantittaif. Teori datang belakangan
setelah eksplorasi terhadap fenomena telah dilakukan secara mendalam. Teori mengikuti fakta.
Theory Defined
1.
Logical reasoning in the set of broad principles
that (1) provide general frame of reference by which practice can be evaluated,
& (2) guide the development of new practices & procedures.
2.
Theory may also be used to explain existing
practices to obtain a better understanding of them.
3.
Qualitative reseach involves behavioral
theories: (1) Agency Theory; (2) Middle Range Theory (Robert K. Merton); (3)
Social Learning Thoery (Bandura).
Hasil temuan penelitian untuk mengeksplorasi penyebab atau
akar masalah dari fenomena.
Main Approaches to
Theory
1.
Deductive.
2.
Inductive.
3.
Economic Theory.
4.
Sociological or Social Theory.
5.
Radical Theory.
Inductive Approach
1.
Begins with observations and measurements and
moves towards generalized conclusions.
2.
Observations about practice and construct
generalization and principles on the basis of recurring relationships.
3.
Four stages:
(1)
Recording all observations.
(2)
Analysis and classification of observations.
(3)
Inductive generalizations and principles of
accounting.
(4)
Testing generalizations.
4.
It is also possible for interrelationships of
inductive an deductive aproach.
Types of Qualitative
Research
1.
Grounded Theory
Grounded theory refers to an inductive process of generating theory from
data. This is considered ground-up or bottom-up processing.
Grounded theorists argue that theory generated from observations of the
empirical world may be more valid and useful than theories generated from
deductive inquiries. Grounded theorists criticize deductive reasoning sinc it
relies upon a priori assumptions about world.
However, grounded theory incorporates deductive reasoning when using
constant comparsions. In doing this, researchers detect patterns in their
observations and then create working hypotheses that directs the progression of
the inquiry.
2.
Etnography
Etnography emphazes the observation of details of everyday life as the
naturally unfold in the real world. This
is sometimes called naturalistic research.
Etnography is a method of describing a culture or society. This is primarily used in anthropological
research.
3.
Phenomenology
Phenomenology is a school of thought that emphazies a focus on people’s
subjective experiences nd interpretations of the world. Phenomenological theorists
argue that objectivity is virtually impossible to ascertain, so to compensate,
one must view all research from the perspective of the researcher.
Phenomenologists attempt to understand those whom they observe from the
subjects’s perspective. This outlook is especially petinent in social work and
research where empahty and perspective become the keys to success.
4.
Field Research
Field research is a general term that refers to a group of methodologies
used by researchers in making qualitative inquiries. The field researcher goes directly to the social
phenomenon under study and observes it as completly as possible.
The
natural environment is the priority of the field researcher. There are no implemented controls or
experimental conditions to speak of. Such methodologies are especially useful
in observing social phenomenon over time.
Methods
1.
Participants Observation
The researcher literatelly becomes part of the observation.
Example: one studying the homeless may decide to walk the streets of a
given area in an attempt to gain perspective and possibly subjects for future
study.
2.
Direct Observation
Direct observarion is where the researcher observes the actual behaviors
of the subjects, instead of relying on what the subjects say about themselves
or others say about them.
Example: Budget meeting. I meeting or We meeting? Find the participant’s
behavior. Temuan berupa kelengkapan dokumen yang didistribusikan.
3.
Unstructured or Intensive Interviewing
This method allows the reseacher to ask open-ended questions during an
interview. Details are more important
here than a specific interview procedure.
Here lies the inductive framework through which theory can be generated.
4.
Case Studies
A particular study may be the focus of any of the previously mentioned
field strategies. The case study is
imortant in qualitative research, especially in areas where exceptions are
being studied.
Example: a patient may have a rare form of cancer that has a set of
symptoms and potential treatments that have never been researched.
5.
Sampling in Qualitative Research
Usually small, non random samples.
Concern: measure attributes and relationships in a population. Need a representative sample.
Aim: to discover meaning, uncover multiple realities, therefore generalization
is not a guiding criteria.
6.
Sample Size
No firm establishment of criteria or rules. Should be determined on the basis of
informational needs.
Is lagely of function of: (1) the purpose of the inquiry; (2) the qualitu
of the informants; (3) the type of sampling strategy used.
Data saturation: samping to the point at which no new information is
obtained and redundancy is achieved.
Qualitative
Data Analysis and Interpetation
Data Analysis
An
attempt by the researcher to summarize collected data.
Data Analysis During Collection
Analysis
not left until the end. To avoid
collecting data that are not important the researcher must ask: How many am i
going to make sense of this data?
As
they collect data the researcher must ask: (1) why do the participants as they
do? (2) What does this focus mean? (3) What else do i want to know? (4) what
new ideas have emerged? (5) Is this new information?
Data Analysis After Collection Summarizing
“The
first time you sit down with your data is the only time you come to that
particular set fresh.” (Kratowohl).
Reading
and notes taking: read write memos about field notes. Describing: develop comprehensive of setting,
participants, etc. Classifying: breaking
data into analytic units, categories, and themes.
Data Analysis Strategies
Identifying
themes: begin whit big picture and list “themes” that emerge. Events that keep reporting themselves.
Coding
qualitative data: reduce data to a manageable form. Often done by writing notes on note cards and
sorting into themes. Predertimined
categories versus emerging categories.
Othe Stategies
Concept
mapping: (1) analyzing antedencts and consequences; (2) displaying finding; (3)
stating what’s missing.
Example:
Data Interpetation
Attempt
to finding meaning through answer these questions:
1.
What is important in the data?
2.
Why is it important?
3.
What can be learned from it?
4.
So what?
Remember, interpretation depends on the perspective of the
researcher. (Why?)
Intepretation is one technique for data interpretation: (1) Extend the analysis by raising question;
(2) Connect findings to personal experiences; (3) Seek the advice od critical
friends; (4) Contextualize findings in the research. Coverging evidence?’ (5)
turn to theory.
Reliability & Validity of Data Collected
Reliability
Since procedure is de-empahized in qualitative research,
replication and other tests of reliability become more difficult. However, measures may be taken to make
research more reliable within the particular study (such as observer training,
or more objective checklists, and so on).
Validity
Qualitative researchers use greater detail to argue for the
presence of construct validity. But weak
on external validity. Content validity
can be retained if the researcher implements some sort of criterion
settings. Having a focused criterion
adss to the study’s validity.
Traingulation
The purpose of triangulation is to establish the validity of
qualitative study. This is done by
analyzing a research question from multiple perspectives. Two main types of triangulation: (1) data
triangulation; & (2) methodological triangulation.
Data Triangulation
It involves using different sources of information in order
to increase the validity of the study.
Example: research on fraud in an organization: the research
pocess would start by identifying the stakeholders (top, middle, and lower
level of employees).
In-depth interviews could be conducted with each of these
groups to gain insight into their perspectives on the issue. During the analysis stage, feedback from the
stakeholders groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well
as areas of divergent.
Methodolohgical
Triangulation
It involves the use of multiple qualitative and or
quantitative method. Example, results
from surveys, focus groups and interviews could be compared to see if similar
result are being found. If the
conclusions from each of the method are the same, then validity is established.
Designing Qualitative Research
What Is Yoru Research
Topic?
Identifying your research topic: (1) your interest; (2)
current issues within environment; (3) review of literature. How? (1) observation; (2) media; (3) journal
article; (4) project paper; (5) dissertation.
Is the Topic
Appropriate to be Examined or Studied Using Qualitative Research?
Does it concern: (1) measurement; (2) testing your ideas or
assumption? (3) confirming your ideas or assumption? Or does it concern: (1)
understanding of a phenomenon or situation or event? (2) learning a phenomenon
or situation or event? (3) understanding or learning from your participant’s
perspective?
What is Your Purpose
of Studying the Problem or Issue?
What do you want to achieve at the end of your study? Your
objectives must be: (1) general & broad, but not too open to too specific;
(20 see to understand the participant’s experiences.
For example: “the objective of my study is to find out how
students get addicted to facebooking at the faculty of...”
What are My Research
Questions?
1.
What is the social reality i wish to
investigate?
2.
What explanations or arguments can i build from
my data?
3.
Can i generalise my findings?
4.
Are my RQs consistent & linked with each
other? Do they add to a sensible whole?
5.
Are they worth asking and grounded in an
understanding of the relevant background?
How the Social World
Organized?
In qualitative, we are not testing any framework or
model. Findings of the research would be
exlpained by using theory or framwork.
Conclusions
1.
Tidak ada yang lebih baik antara metoda
kualitatif & kuantitatif tetapi tergantung pada tujuan penelitian yang
ingin dicapai.
2.
Tergantung sudut pandang fenomena yang ingin
dilihat. (1) kuantitatif: relasi antar variabel atau (2) kualitatif: penyebab
atau akar masalah.
3.
Riset kualitatif menggunakan content analysis untuk melakukan
analisis data. Melihat kesamaan atau
kata-kata kunci.
4.
Konfirmasi teori terhadap hasil penelitian untuk
memperkuat hasil penelitian.
SESI 2. METODA
PENELITIAN EKSPERIMENTAL
Oleh: Prof. Dr.
Intiyas Utami (UKSW Salatiga)
Riset eksperimen adalah riset dengan menciptakan kondisi
tertentu untuk menemukan perilaku.
Termasuk ranah Riset Kuantitatif.
Fenomena à Literatur (teori & penelitian
terdahulu) à Memberi bukti empiris (membangun kasualitas).
Riset eksperimen berbasis pada Teori Sebab Akibat (causal effect & causal relationship). Untuk menjelaskan hubungan kausalitas &
generalisasi teori.
Korelasi: ada hubungan tetapi tidak ada sebab akibat, tidak
ada yang lebih dulu.
Survey: Hubungan kausalitas + generaliasi sampel ke populasi
Contoh:
1.
Membuktikan fenomena Halo Effect (mengambil kesimpulan hanya dengan melihat penampilan)
dalam praktik auditor.
2.
Membuktikan Endowment
Effect (sikap manusia atas kepemilikan) pada para investor.
3.
Membuktikan bias informsai pada praktik
akuntansi
(1)
Primary
Effect (Halo Effect): informasi
(pesan) awal menjadi informasi utama.
(2)
Recntky
Effect: informasi (pesan) akhir yang menjadi pegangan.
4.
Membuktikan adanya eskalasi komitmen: seseorang
dalam kondisi risiko tinggi (high risk)
akan cenderung menjadi pengambil risiko (risk
taker) pada pelaku pasar modal.
Contoh: Daniel Kahneman & Vernon Smith (Pemenang Nobel Bidang
Ekonomi tahun 2002, yang menggunakan Riset Eksperimental).
Riset eksperimen dapat dilakukan bila sudah ada teori yang
kuat (mapan). Karena riset eksperimen ditujukan untuk generalisasi teori. Teori berlaku sama dimanapun & kapanpun.
Riset Eksperimen harus bertanggung jawab & etis. Tidak diperkenankan riset yang membawa dampak
jangka panjang para para subyek, apalagi bila mengakibatkan perubahan perilaku
& psikologis. Contoh: Milgram Experimental, riset untuk
menguji kecenderungan bawahan akan mengikuti perintah atasan walau bertentangan
dengan etika. Riset dengan kondisi yang
memaksa bawahan untuk berperilaku tidak etis.
Setelah riset eksperimen dilakukan, periset wajib untuk mengembalikan
subyek kembali pada kondisi psikologis seperti sediakala.
Dalam riset eksperimen tidak boleh ada variabel penganggu
hubungan kausalitas. Diuji dengan one way ANOVA untuk mengetahui
randomisasi subyek. Syarat Eksperimen:
Randomisasi Subyek à
Pemadanan (matching) à
Analisis Kovarian (kombinasi antara regresi & variansi).
Riset eksperimen harus berdasar pada riset empiris yang kuat
dulu. Riset eksperimen bertujuan untuk
generalisasi teori, memberi keyakinan bahwa teori yang diuji akan sama hasilnya
diberbagai tempat. Sehingga, harus
didahului oleh hipotesis yang ketat (rigor).
Validitas & reliabilitas data diuji berkali-kali dengan
uji pilot & dikonsultasikan pada ahlinya.
Salah satu contoh penelitian eksperimen adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas
(PTK).
Riset eksperimen: (1) tulen (true) dengan randomisasi; & (2) semu (quasi) dengan menciptakan suasana (salah satu caranya adalah dengan
menonton film.
Tugas:
|
GONE
Theory
|
Presure
|
|
|
High
|
Low
|
|
|
G
|
1
|
5
|
|
O
|
2
|
6
|
|
N
|
3
|
7
|
|
E
|
4
|
8
|
Materi Bacaan:
Memulai Riset
Fokus Riset Keperilakuan
|
Teori
Ekonomi
|
Teori
Psikologi
|
Teori
Sosial
|
|
1. Rasional
2. Self
Interest
|
1. Bounded
Rasionality
2. Bias
3. Ethics
|
1. Justice
2. Leadership
3. Dan
lain-lain
|
Cause, Effect, & Causal Relationship
Teori Sebab – Akibat:
1.
Apakah X menjadi penyeban Y?
2.
Jika X muncul, belum tentu Y muncul.
3.
Tidak ada faktor lain yang memengaruhi Y.
4.
X adalah syarat perlu bagi kemunculan Y (necessary condition)
Ataukah:
1.
Jika X muncul, maka Y muncul.
2.
Jika X tidak muncul, maka Y tidak akan muncul.
3.
X adalah syarat bagi kemunculan Y (suffient condition).
Causation, Correlation, & Confounds
Korelasi tidak menyebabkan sebab akibat. Hubungan dua varibel tidak diketahui mana
yang terlebih dahulu. Ada potensi
variabel lain yang memengaruhi hubungan dua variabel (concounds)
Riset eksperimen memiliki kendai penuh terhadap causal relationship.
Memilih Metoda Penelitian
Tujuan Penelitian à Metoda Penelitian à Penelitian Kuantitatif à
Survey atau Eksperimen.
Survey: generalisasi sampel ke populasi. Validitas eksternal > validitas internal.
Eksperimen: generalisasi teori. Validitas eksternal <
validitas internal.
Mengapa Memilih Metoda Eksperimen
Riset eksperimen menekankan pada kekuatan hubungan
kausalitas antar vairabel independen (X) dengan dependen (Y). Relasi kuat antara fakta atau fenomena dengan
teori.
Validitas dalam riset eksperimen lebih menekankan pada
validitas internal ketimbang validitas ekstenal.
Definisi Eksperimen
Eksperimen adalah desain riset untuk menginvestigasi suatu
fenomena dengan cara merekayasa (memanipulasi) keadaan atau kondisi lewat
prosedur tertentu dan kemudian mengamati hasil perekayasaan tersebut serta
menginteraksikannya.
Kendali penuh pada skenario & menghasilkan konsistensi
teori yang bila diujicobakan dimana saja & kapan saja akan tetap sama
hasilnya.
Pemilihan Grup Eksperimen & Grup Kontrol
(Manipulasi: mendapat situasi aturan ketat) (Maniplasi: mendapat situasi aturan
longgar)
Catatan: Peneliti memiliki kendali penuh terhadap
penelitian.
Syarat Eksperimen
Eksperimen menyrakatkan ada hubungan kasualitas antara X
dengan Y (hanya X yang memengaruhi Y).
Eksperimen harus berbasis pada teori yang kuat dan tidak boleh ada
pengaruh variabel (penggangu) lain seperti bias gender, tipe personality, dan
lain sebagainya.
Keberadaan variabel penganggu diuji dengan One Way Anova. Bila adahubungan dengan variabel
penganggu, variabel tersebut dikeluarkan dari desain penelitian.
Randomisasi
Penempatan subyek dalam sautu kelompok. Manipulasi dilakukan tanpa memandak karak
teristik subyek. Tidak ada aturan atau
teori tentang jumlah subyek, tetapi menurut kebiasaan (rule of tumb), minimal jumlah subyek adalah 15 orang.
Pemadanan (Matching)
Contoh: 16 Subyek (8 Manajer & 8 Karyawan)
|
Grup Eksperimen: Rerata skor niat
manipulasi = 40
|
Grup Kontrol: Rerata skor niat
manipulasi: 80
|
|
Manipulasi: Perlakuan peraturan ketat.
Subyek 1: (Karyawan)
Subyek 2: (manajer)
Subyek 3: (karyawan)
Subeyk 4: (manajer)
Subyek 5: (karyawan)
Subyek 6: (manajer)
Subyek 7: (karyawan)
Subyek 8: (manajer)
|
Manipulasi: Perlakuan peraturan longgar.
Subyek 1: (karyawan)
Subyek 2: (manajer)
Subyek 3: (karyawan)
Subeyk 4: (manajer)
Subyek 5: (karyawan)
Subyek 6: (manajer)
Subyek 7: (karyawan)
Subyek 8: (manajer)
|
Analisis Kovariansi
Kombinasi metoda regresi dengan analisis variasi
Istilah Dalam Eksperimen
Manipulasi (Treatment)
Variabel independen (X) adalah variabel yang
dimanipulasi. Variabel dependen (Y)
adalah variabel yang diukur.
Cara manipulasi:
1.
Mendesain suatu skenario.
2.
Bantuan video.
3.
Simulasi dengan suatu kasus.
4.
Desepsi: muslihat yang telah diatur.
5.
Kalimat lugas.
6.
Huruf mudah dibaca.
7.
Menguji validitas & reliabilitas dengan uji
pilot pada kelompok kecil dan konsultasi dengan pakar atau praktisi di bidang
yang diteliti.
Desain & Implementasi
Manipulasi
Bila gagal, diulang kembali dengan menyusun skenario baru.
Jenis eksperimen:
Laboratorium
Experiment: jangka pendek, lama mendesain model & skenario tetapi cepat
memperoleh hasil.
Longitudinal
Experiment: jangka panjang, desian fleksibel, tetapi hasil lama diperoleh.
Penggunaan Desepsi
Sebagai Manipulasi
Analisis: Tidak perlu Asumsi Klasik, analisis cukup dengan
Uji Beda (one way atau two way ANOVA).
Pengunaan Desepsi
Sebagai Manipulasi
Tindakan peneliti untuk memastikan terciptanya suasana
tertentu yang dialami subyek dalam esperimen tanpa subyek menyadari tujuan
penelitian yang sebenarnya: (1) Subyek
dikonsentrasikan pada hal-hal relevan saja dengan mengelabukan hal-hal yang
tidak relevan. (2) Menghindari efek
permintaan (demand effect), subyek
mengikuti skenario & bukan mengikuti keinginan peneliti.
Pengecekan Manipulasi
Suatu mekanisme untu memastikan bahwa subyek eksperimen
sudah merasakan manipulasi sesuai dengan takaran yang diinginkan. Diperlukan Uji Pilot berkali-kali.
Caranya: (1) memberi pertanyaan; (2) mengamati respon.
Subject atau
Partisipan
Individu atau kelompok individu yang menerima
manipulasi. Subyek adalah praktisi atau
mahasiswa sebagi penyulih (surrogate)
praktisi. (1) Syarat menggunakan
mahasiswa sebagai subyek adalah (judgement)
atau penugasan yang diberikan tidak memerlukan pengalaman. (2) Pemilihan subyek
harus random.
Ancaman kegagalan eksperimen pada subyek: (1) demand effect: mengikuti keinginan
peneliti; (2) apprehensive:
Protokol Eksperimen
Merupkan jadwal urutan (rundown)
langkah eksperimen. Dipergunakan sebagai
panduan bagi peneliti (eksperimenter).
Elemen Desain Eksperimen
|
O
|
Obervasi (pengukuran)
|
|
X
|
Manipulasi (perlakuan)
|
|
Baris
|
Grup (kelompok subyek)
|
|
R
|
Distribusi subyek ke grup eksperimen
|
|
Kiri ke Kanan
|
Urutan waktu
|
|
R
O1 (Grup Eksperimen)
|
X
|
O2
(Grup Eksperimen)
|
|
Randomisasi
|
Manipulasi
|
|
|
R
O1
|
O2
(Grup Kontrol)
|
|
Observasi Pretest
|
Obsevasi Posttest
|
Tipe Desain
Eksperimental
1.
Desain Ekperimental Tulen (True Experiment)
2.
Desain Eksperimental Semu (Quasi Experiment)
3.
Desain Pra Eksperimen.
4.
Desain Non Eksperimen.
|
|
Manipulasi
|
Randomisasi
|
Grup Kontrol
|
|
Eksperimen Tulen
|
Ada
|
Ada
|
Ada
|
|
Eksperimen Semu
|
-
|
-
|
Ada
|
|
Pra Eksperimen
|
Ada
|
-
|
Ada tetapi tidak konsisten
|
|
Non Eksperimen
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Desain Eksperimen
Tulen: Desain Faktorial 2 x 2
|
|
Pengalaman
|
||
|
Senior
|
Yunior
|
||
|
Informasi
|
Umum
|
20
|
20
|
|
Khusus
|
20
|
20
|
|
Desain Eksperimen
Tulen: Desain Faktorial 3 X 2
|
|
Pengendalian
|
||
|
Ada
|
Tidak Ada
|
||
|
Kompensasi
|
Tetap (KT)
|
1
|
4
|
|
Bonus (KB)
|
2
|
5
|
|
|
Tetap + Bonus (KTB)
|
3
|
6
|
|
Keterangan:
1.
6 kelompok masing-masing minimal 15 subyek
dengan perlakuan yang berbeda.
2.
X1 = Main
Effect 1 (ada & tidak ada pengendalian).
3.
X2= Main
Effect 2 (tetap; bonus; tetap + bonus).
4.
1 versus 2 versus 3 versus 4 versus 5 versus 6.
5.
1 + 4
versus 2 + 5 versus 3 + 6.
6.
1 + 2 + 3 versus 4 + 5 + 6.
7.
Hasil diuji dengan uji beda.
Keunggulan &
Kelemahan Desain Faktorial
Keunggulan:
1.
Kebutuhan subyek dalam jumlah yang lebih
sedikit.
2.
Memfasilitasi peneliti untuk menguji efek utama
dari setiap variabel independen dan efek interaksi antara kedua variabel.
3.
Mampu mengendalikan faktor penganggu dengan
mengintegrasikan variabel tersebut ke dalam desain penelitian.
4.
Meningkatkan validitas eksternal
Kelemahan:
1.
Semakin banyak jumlah faktor dan levelnya,
semakin sulit dikontrol aplikasinya.
Desain Eksperimen Semu
Memiliki karakteristik yang tidak dimiliki desain lain,
yaitu keleluasaan peneliti untuk melakukan manipulasi (kapan & kepada
siapa). Valditas internal tinggi. Non
randomisasi sehingga praktis & kebutuhan SDM sedikit pula. Dalam praktik sulit dilakukan karena
permasalahan etika.
Desain Intrasubyek
(Within-Subject)
Desain Antarsubyek
(Between-Subject)
SESI 3. PUBLIKASI
JURNAL INTERNASIONAL
Oleh: Prof. Dr.
Corina Joseph (UITM Malaysia)
Publikasi wajib bagi dosen baik di Indonesia maupun
Malaysia. Publikasi Internasional
Dosen-Dosen Indonesia tertinggal dibanding negara-negara terkemuka ASEAN.
Selain publikasi artikel ilmiah di jurnal internasional,
publikasi ilmiah dapat berupa Bab (Chapter)
buku di EMERALD. Jurnal ilmiah sangat
kompetitif & penuh tekanan, apalagi terkait dengan sitasi & impct factor.
Jurnal ilmiah adalah bisnis, karena gensi (prestisius)
jurnal ditentukan oleh jumlah pembaca.
Sehingga, author akan memilih reviewers yang prestisius &
profesional. Sehingga, proses review artikel juga pasti akan memakan
waktu juga.
Bias penerimaan artikel dalam suatu jurnal:
1.
Akuntansinya mana?
Arogansi keilmuan sehingga menolak
multiparadigma.
2.
Apa Metode penelitian (kuantitatif – kualitatif)?
Arogansi metodologi sehigga satu dengan
yang lain merasa lebih baik.
3.
Politik
Faktor politik sehingga artikel dari suatu
negara tertentu sulit menembus artikel internasional.
Penentu awal diterimanya artikel adalah ABSTRAK. Abstrak sebaiknya ditulis dengan bahasa yang
sederhana & mudah dimengerti tetapi menarik perhatin & rasa penasaran
pembaca. Abstrak tidak boleh ada
referensi & istilah-istilah yang tidak dimengerti pembaca serta tidak
arogan (saya, kami, peneliti & penelitian pertama, dan lain sebagainya). Pergunakan kalimat pasif.
Abstrak adalah impresi pertama bagi Editor & reviewers), sehingga harus menarik &
memunculkan rasa penasaran pembaca. Isu
harus ditekankan bukan metoda penelitian.
Isu atau fenomena kekikian akan menarik perhatian pembaca.
Referensi tidak perlu banyak, kurang lebih 3 saja tetapi
merupakan referensi utama (seminal work). Tidak dikutip langsung tetapi di farafrase
(kutipan tidak langsung). Terlalu banyak
referensi tidak menarik & hanya dianggap kliping (cur & glue) bahkan dapat terjebak pada plagiasi.
Materi Bacaan:
Introduction
Writing fo academic journal is a hughly competitive
activity. Creates pressure on
lectures. Publication: quantity and
quality (refereed journal, ISI journal),local or international books writing,
chapter in the book, H-Index, nimber of citations – one of the academic
promotion criteria in universities.
The Interplay Between Research and Publication
Good research leads to a quality publication (high impact
journal). The key to getting pubished in
the research more than in wirting the paper.
What is a Good Research
Example: the issue in accounting, sustainable development
accounting à
Sustainable development goals (SDGs).
What to Publish
1.
New and original results or methods.
2.
Review or summaries of a partikular subject like
systematic review (bisa kronologis bisa pula genealogi).
3.
Manuscript thah advance the knowledge and
understanding in a certain scientific field.
4.
Provide solutions to some difficult problem like
climate change, poverty, accrual accounting in public sector. Multiparadigma
& multidisiplin ilmu.
5.
Compelted project that concluded
successfully.
6.
Paper that has been presented in a
conference.
7.
Post studies materials.
Understanding the Submission Process
More sumission of lower quality, strees for editors &
reviewers. Editors & reviewers are
the most precious resource of a journal.
Editors & reviewers are practicing scientists, even
leaders in their field. They are not professional journal staff, they do
journal work on top of their own research, writing, & teaching. They are busy people wjo work for journals to
contribute science. Editor may receive a
small payment, but reviewers are unpaid.
Every manuscript takes up their precious time. Nowadays they are working even harder.
Perpectives for Publishing in High Impact Journals
Author
I want my work to be
widely read. I want to become a famous
researcher. I need it to get a permanent
position. I Need it to get funding. I Can validate my work through peer review.
It’ my responsibiliry to society.
Funder
It probably means that they did important research. It provides an easy metric to compare
researchers. It is much fater than
actually reading their paper. They are
more likely to publish again in high impact research.
University
It Probably means that they did important research. It Provides an easy metric to compare
researchers – KPI. It is much faster
than actually reading their paper. They
are more likely to attract funding.
High Impact Journal
Represent important advances. High citation. Increase next impact factor, journal sales –
selective minimize the number of articles never cited after publication. Registration, peer review, dissemination,
archiving.
After Excellent Research, Where to Publish
A valued journal: (1) quality; (2) editorial board; (3)
acceptance rate; (4) time to publication; (5) journal circulation; (6)
visibility.
“It is better to publish one paper in a quality journal than
multiple papers in lesser quality journal.
Try to publish in journals that have hgh impact factors, chances are
your paper will have high impact, too, if accepted.” (Bourne, 2005)
Tips: (1) kenali reviewers-nya;
(2) perhatikan tingkat penerimaan; (3) perhatikan impact factor; (4) promosikan diri di berbagai konferensi.
Selection of Journal
Select appropiate journal quality and target audience. Example: http://journalfinder.elsevier.com.
Spend time in selecting the target journal, study the journal:
1.
What is the aim and scope of the journal?
2.
Has the journal published articles that are
similar to yours?
3.
What are the journal’s restriction?
4.
What is the journal impact factor?
5.
Is the journal peer-reviewd?
6.
Who is the journal’s audience?
“Choosing a journal to publish in is an investment
decision.”
Catatan tambahan:
1.
Kenali tematik jurnal.
2.
Ikuti aturan selingkung.
3.
Ikuti masukan dari reviewers dan kirim lagi setelah diperbaiki.
4.
Publikasi adalah investasi intelektual.
Idexation of a journal is considered a reflection of its
quality. The Journal indexation service and ranking:
1.
Web of Science (WOS): Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4
(SEI, SCIE (Science Citation Index
Expanded), SCI (Science Citation Index), SSIE, SSCI (Social Science Citation
Index), A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, SKCI-S, BKCI-SSH, ESCI)
2.
SCOPUS: Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4
SJR (Scimago Journal & Country Rank)
3.
Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA): A*,
A, B, C
4.
Google Scholar
5.
PubMed
6.
Thomson Reuter (WoS/JCR)
Measuring the Impact:
1.
Citation Analysis
Assesing the impact of ‘quality’ of an
article by counting the number of times other author mention in their work.
2.
H-Index
An index to quantify an individual
scientific research output. An indes
that attemps to measure both the scientific productivity and the apparent
scientific impact of scientist.
3.
Impact Factor
A measure of the frequency with which the
average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year. It is used to measure the importance of rank
of a journal by calculating the times it’s articles are cited.
Publication predators
Aware of journal which are blacklisted by Thomson
Reuters,Scopus, or Ministry of Education. No peer review, paying journal, &
fast publish, like:
Journal Selection
Survey the volum list.
Cari jurnal yang seuai dengan tema atau kepakaran kita. Coba tulis & tulis lagi & coba terus
sampai diterima. Manfaatkan situs
pencari jurnal untuk menemukn jurnal yang sesuai dengan tema artikel kita. ContohL Elsevier Journal Finder; Emerald,
Wiley High Impact Journals
Expectation of Q1 and Q2 Journals
Original research paper that combine rigour (clearly expain)
and relevance to advance the state of the art and state of practice in the
field. Example: introduce a new
variable. Significant theoretical
contributions that consolidate or advance the state of the art in he field
(theory driven paper). Significant
practical cintributions that convery novel (originality) and breakthrough ideas
to advance the state of practice in the field.
Submission checklist.
Example: Online review information journal (Q1 & Q2)
requirement on the submission.
Catatan Tambahan:
1.
Technological Acceptance Methodological (TAM)
merupakan metoda analisis yang bagus tetapi saat ini sudah tidak relevan lagi
& hampir pasti ditolak oleh jurnal.
2.
Faktor lain yang berpengaruh pada penerimaan
jurnal: (1) bias politik; (2) bias keilmuan,
fanatik dengan akuntansi & menolak multidisplin &
multiparadigma: (3) bias meotodologi (kuantitatif & kualitatif).
Implikasi hasil penelitian harus berkontribusi pada: (1)
ilmu pengetahuan (knowledge); (2)
kebijakan (policy); (3) praktik baik
(good practices).
Paper Structure
Tergantung pada jenis penulisan & aturan
selingkung. Tetapi pada umumnya (generally) adalah sebagai berikut:
1.
Title
Concise and informative. Title often used in information-retrieval
systems. Avoid abbreviations and
formulae where possible. Follow the journal
requirement – Example: a tittle of not more than eight words should be provided
(Emerald). Title summarize the main
theme of article and reflect contribution to the theory (a good first
impression). Avoid boring title –
Example: “studies of”.
2.
Affiliation
3.
Abstract
A concise and factual abstract is
required. The Abstract should state
briefly of the research, the principal results & major conclusion. An abstract is often presented separately
from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, references should be
avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) & year(s). A non standard or uncommon abbreviations
should avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their firstmention in the
abstract itself. A clear abstract will strongly
influence whether or not york work is further considered. The Abstract helps your paper.
Abstrak yang baik: (1) pemilihan kata dalam
abstrak sangat penting; (2) hindari kata-kata yang sensitif & juga
kata-kata yang sama persis; (3) sebaiknya tidak ada referensi dalam abstrak;
(4) hindari istilah-istilah yang tidak dikenali oleh pembaca.
Editor melakukan penyaringan awal lewat
abstrak. Bila tidak lolos dari editor,
artikel pasti akan langsung ditolak tanpa proses review.
Isi abstrak: (1) latar belakang penelitian;
(2) tujuan penelitian; (3) metoda penelitian (variabel, model, data, &
sampel); (4) temuan utama (main finding);
(5) interestingly.
Susunan Abstrak Emerald:
Purpose
- .....
Design/Methodology/Approach
- ......
Findings
(hanya main findings, temuan lain di
badan artikel) - .......
Research
limitation/implications (if
applicable) - .........
Practical
implications (if applicable) -
.............
Social
implications (if applicable)
(dampak terhadap masyarakat) - ........
Originality/value
- ..........
Keywords:
..........
Paper
Type: ........
Note: (1) maximum is 250 words in total (including
keywords and article classification); (2) Authors should avoid the use of personal pronous within he stuctured
abstract and body of the paper.
4.
Highlights (for Elsevier Journal)
Highligts are mandatory fo the Elsevier
Journal. Consust of a short collection
of bullet points that convoey the core findings of the article. Should be submitted in a separate editable
file in the online submission system.
Use “Highlights” in the file name and include 3 to 5 points (maximum 85
characters, including spaces, per bullet point).
5.
Keywords
Immediately after the abstract, provide a
maximum of 7 keywords (Elsevier), using American spelling and avoiding general
and plural terms and multiple concept (avoid: “and”; “of”). Only abbreviations firmly established in the
field may be eligible. These keywords
will be used for indexing purposes. Main
message of the paper is statement form.
6.
Introduction
State the objectives of the work and
provide an adequate background, avoiding the detailed literature survey or a
summary of the results (research gap).
Able to develop the purpose statement.
Introduce the main scientific publications on which your work is based. Starte the study with broad perspective, for
example: the state of the art of the topic in other parts of the word. Then only focus on specific research setting. Higllight significance of the paper. Do not use execersive expression such as
“novel”, “first time”, “first ever”, “paradigm changing” (use these
sparingly). Organization of the
paper.
Example: The paper divided into following
sections: (1) section 1 – introduction; (2) section 2 – reviews the relevnt
theory and derives hypotheses to be tested; (3) section 3 – the research
methodology is proposed and the sample is discribed, specifying the measurement
determined, and describing the variables and the model proposed; (4) section 4
- results are analyzed and discused; (5) section 5 – the conclusions are
presented.
7.
Literature Review
Categorize the review into several
themes. Quote those papers from which
your own research follows. Make it clear
what the position was prior to your own paper, and how your paper adds to
it. Make sure that the citations are up
to date. Cite only your own articles in
so far as they are directly relevant to your research/approach. Any work that is not your own must be
referenced.
Cegah copy
paste. Cukup 3 referensi yang telah
banyak diketahui orang, bukan kliping yang
bisa mengarah ke plagiasi.
8.
Theoretical Framework
A theory section should extend, not repeat,
the background to the article already dealt with it in the introduction and lay
the foundation for further work. The
theory should to develop hypotheses.
Referensi hanya dari seminal work. Basis teori
harus kuat untuk menguji hipotesis.
Kontekstualisasi teori sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian.
9.
Methodology
Provide sufficient dteial to allow the work
to be reproduced. Methods already
published should be indicated be a reference: only relevant modifications
should be described. Demonstrate that
the methodology is robust, and appropriate to the objectives. Focus on telling the specifics.
Metoda analisis harus sesuai dengan tujuan
penelitian & harus dijelaskan dengan detail (robust). Penjelasan
tahap-pertahap dengan detail & jelas.
10.
Results & Discussions
A combined Results and Discussion section
is often appropiate. It is the most
important section of your article. Here
you get the chance to sell your data. Be
clear & concise; avoid repetition between text, tables, & figures. Nake the Discussion corresponding to the
results. To link back results and
discussions with the theory and literature (published results).
11.
Conclusions, Implications, & Future Research
The main conclusions of the study may be
presented in a short Conclusions section, which may standa alone of form a
subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section. Tells how your work advances the field from
the present state of knowledge. State
whether the intended objectives of the study have been achieved or not. Provide
limitations of the study. Povide
implications of the findings – for example: policy, industry, professional
body, theory. Provide suggestions for
future research.
Tidak membahas lagi hasil penelitian &
hanya membahas capaian penelitian. Implikasi
& kontibusi penelitian pada keilmuan, praktik, & masyarakat dijelaskan
dengan detail. Dijelaskan pula
keterbatasan penelitian dan juga rujukan untuk penelitian lebih lanjut, baik
untuk kita maupun untuk peneliti lain.
Penelitian lebih lanjut bisa saja berbeda konteks, metoda, & data.
12.
References
Carefully checked for completeness,
accuracy, and consistency. Follow the
journal requirement, for example: Emerald using the Harvard Style &
Elsevier using the EPA Style. More
mistakes are found in the references than any other part of the
manuscript. It is one of the most
annoying problems, and causes great headaches among editors. Referensi bertujuan untuk mencegah
plagiarisme.
13.
Ackowledgement
Recognize thos who helped in the research
(you want them to help again, don’t you??.
Include individuals who have assisted you in your research: (1)
advisors; (2) financial supporters.
Preparing Yoour Paper
To avoid desk rejection: (1) Read the journal instructions
before writing; (2) use the template or author’s guideline – scope, type of
paper, word length, reference style, etc; (3) to the plagiarism check.
Grammar & language - effect of poor grammar, spelling
& puntuations: (1) lead to misinterpretations and ambiguities; (2) give the
impression of lack of care in preparation; (3) suggest perhaps other aspects of
the paper are careless; (4) can upset reviewers; (5) between 30% to 50% of
articles submitted to Elsevier journals are rejected the peer review stage; (6)
use proof reader.
Clarity, be sure to: (1) story telling; (2) write complet
sentences; (3) use punctuations properly; (4) consistent and appropriate use of
tenses; (5) avoid too many abbreviations; (6) use no contractions – don’t,
couldn’t; (7) write reasonably sized paragraps; (8) choose proper voice –
active voice is preffered that passive voice; (9) avoid writing in the first
person – some argue that “we sentence” is a contemporary writing style; (10)
perfect figures, analysis, and word count; (11) re-reading; (12) polish the
final text. Catatan: 1 paragraf sebaiknya tediri dari 3 kalimat saja. Paragraf yang terlalu panjang mengakibatkan
kebingungan.
Cover letter: (1) gives authors opportunity to convince
editors that their research work is worth reviewing; (2) outlines the main
theme of the paper; (3) argue the novelty of the paper; (4) justify the
relevance of the manuscript to the target journal; (5) limit the cover letter
to half a page; (6) acknowledge peers that have provided feedback prior to the
final submission of the paper. Tip: all
cover letter should contain these sentence: “We confirm that this manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is
not under consideration by another journal.
All authors have approved the manuscript and agree with its submission
(insert the name of the target journal).”
Catatan: (1) jangan mengirim 1 artikel pada beberapa jurnal,
akan ditolak & di-black list; (2)
satu artikel ditolak, perbaiki & kirim kembali.
Common Pitfalls
1.
Wrong Journal.
2.
Dual publication.
3.
Poor quality of the study design – viewed as the
first parameter during review.
4.
Lack of discusions.
5.
Poor response to reviews.
6.
Improper formatting of the paper.
7.
Grammatical and spelling error – poor English.
8.
Very short relevant reference list.
9.
Not provising eveything asked for on the
joournal Website.
10.
Cover letter addressed to other journals.
11.
Incomplete coverage of literature.
12.
Limited scope.
Plagiarism
Need – Need to properly acknowledge the source.
Cite – Cite the source by placing exact quotes inside
quotation marks.
Use – Use the plagiarism software before submission to the
jpurnal.
Catatan: Harus berhati-hati menyitasi & pergunakan
farafrase. Kutipan langsung hanya untuk
kalimat-kalimat penting.
Dealing with Reviews
Suggest a full list of potentian reviewers (depending on the
journal). Respond thoughtfully and
courteously to reviewers. Answer all the
point thoroughly. Understand the
decision categories before responding.
Incorporate response to reviewers in the submission of the revised
manuscript. Ensure that changes
indicated un response to reviewers have been made in the paper. Writing a cover leter to the chief editor,
The decission: accept, re-review, reject. Question going through the editor’smind: (1)
how good is the issue in this paper? (2) Is an important issue/area of study
being addressed? (3) Is the research design appropriate & adequate? (4) Are
the anayleses appropriate and competently done? (5) Has the study been put in
context? (6) Does the paper contribute significantly to the literature? (7)
Does the paper tell an interesting story? (8) Will it be read and cited?
Catatan: Isu, kontribusi, & tujuan penelitian lebih
penting ketimbang metoda penelitian.
If the paper not accepted: (1) move on to the next journal;
(2) don’t consider it as failure – it’s part of the game; (3) you will get
other chance.
How to Increase the Chances to Pass the Review Process Successfully?
1.
Ensure citing the past relevant work.
2.
Never assume that the reviewers are biased.
3.
If reviewers misunderstood something in the
paper, it is your fault, you did not explain it in a way easy to understand.
4.
Reviewers are volunteers, and do not have spare
time to understand thngs that are not explaned clearly.
5.
Go to conferences, try to interact with leading
people in the field. Send them your working papers, ask for their comment,
ackonowledge their feedback, try to connect it to something that they have
done.
Other Considerations: (1) got to know editors; (2) do
thorough and novel research – newness & posgraduate studies; (3) consider
interdiscipline research; (4) collaboration work; (5) red tips on how to write
journal article; (6) theoritical framework is essential; (7) refer to prominent
researchers’ profiles as role model; (8) implication of findings; (9) dataset;
(10) sensitivity issues; (11) internalization; (12) quantitativ vs qualitative
research design; (13) authorship – corresponding author plasy an important
role.
Are you ready to submit a good manuscript?
1.
It is all about the reader. Remember editors and reviewers are in this
group.
2.
Writing a good manuscript is not easy. Be prepared to work hard on it.
3.
Cheris your work – if you do not take care, why
should the journal?
4.
There is no secret recipe for success – just
some simple rules, dedication, & hard work.
5.
Editors & reviewers are all busy scientists,
just like you – make things easy to save their time.
6.
Presentation is critical.
Online Submission System
1.
Emerald Journal
2.
Elsevier
Conclusion
1.
No secret – information is publicly available
and refer to journal’s submission guideline.
2.
Careful preparation and share new information.
3.
Courteous and detailed responses to the
reviewers.
4.
Never stop learning.
5.
Refer to the latest paper in journal which you
intend to submit your article.
Further Reading
El-Omar, E., (2014), “How to publish a scientific manuscript
in a high-impact journal, Advances in Digetive Medicine”, Vol. 1, No. 4, Pp.
105-109.
Gerritsma, W. “Elements of a publication strategy”. https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/upload/ad43a916-10dc-4baa-b683-980da2cdb2b3_impact.ppt
Kimlicka, L. “how to get published in high-impact journals:
An essential guide” http://blogs.nature.com/naturejobs/2014/06/06how-to-get-published-in-high-impact-journals-an-essential-guide/
Gavish, B. (2012), “How to Publish in High Impact Journals”,
file:///C:/Users/Asus/Downloads/How-to-Publish-in-High-Impact-Journals%20(2).pdf
Sharrocks, J. “Guide to Getting Published”. https://www.rcg.org.uk/-/media/Files/Event/Business-Development-Team/Offender-health/Presentations/Workshops-Day-2/C1---Jo-Sharrock---How-to-get-published.ashx?la=en
