SOCIAL PROTECTION in ASIA (SPA) PROGRAMME ANNUAL
CONFERENCE
Hanoi – Vietnam, 01—05 June 2009
Pioneering Research and Knowledge Partnerships to Promote Public Action for Livelihood Security in Changing World
Introduction
The conference
is the mid-term conference for the SPA programme research, the advocacy and
network building programme, funded by the Ford Foundation and IDRC. The research partner is led by the Institute
of Development Studies (IDS) United Kingdom and The Institute for Human
Developmen (IHD) New Delhi – India, and 13 institutions across Asia, including
the Institute for Social Development Studies (ISDS) in Hanoi – Vietnam which is
the local host institution.
The conference
started with an opening an reception on the evening of 1st June followed by the
a one day event on 2nd June with policy makers from region. The following 2 days, 3rd—4th June, focused on
presentations and discussion of the research being undertaken within the SPA
Programme. The final day, 5th June, involved
field visit to development programme around Hanoi (1. Van Cang Friendly Village
for war victims of agent orange; 2. Social Protection Center for orphanage,
homeless people, and begger; 3. Initiative Job for Youth, center that provide
career opportunities for youth).
The overall
aims of the conference are to review the progress of the ongoing research, to
establish links with policy makers in the region, to provide plaform for
thematic discussions on key issues of the Social Protection in Asia and to
strengthen the SPA network. The
participants are 60 persons, primarily from Asian countries, they are the
representative of the SPA research projects, advisory board members, academics,
and policy makers.
The venue is
the Fortuna Hotel – Hanoi, the SPA Programme covered the expenses for economy
class return flight to Hanoi, transport to and from airport to the Fortuna
Hotel, accomodation, and all meals during the conference days.
The Social Protection in Asia Programme Conference
The SPA
Programme involves research, networking, and advocacy to create a research an
policy network on Social Protection In the Asian Region. The SPA conference were to review the
progress of the ongoing research, provide feedback to the researchers to sharpen
their research questions and also to establish lingkage between with teh policy
process.
The conference
were to act as the platform to establish the linkage between research and
policy makers and donors. Some policy
makers, civil servants or those who are closely involved in the official policy
making process, institutes, commissions inveted and involve to the
conference.
The objectives
of the conference are:
·
Review
the progress of the research projects and provide feedback to the research
partners.
·
Share
initial results with the network members and other interested stakeholders
including governments, donors and civil society representatives.
·
Critical
engagement and thematic discussions on key issues of SP with policy makers and
researchers.
·
Engage
with policy makers and identify scope for policy advocacy based on research
findings.
·
Identify
ways to establish the linkage between policy and research for informed policy
on SP.
·
Strengthen
the SPA Network.
Conference Themes
SPA has
identified the following thematic areas as critical to understanding of SP:
·
Social
Protection an migration.
·
Social
Protection of the aged.
·
Social
Protection and health.
·
Shelter
security and land as Social Protection (focus on urban slum).
·
Social
Protection and work and employment.
·
Identifying
pathways for graduation and intra household dynamics in Social Protection
Programmes.
·
Social
Protection during disaster.
The conference
aims to review progress made by research partners in these thematic areas and
also to identify broader contours of Social Protection policies in different
countries, in order to engage in discussions with policy makers. The specific research findings, the analysis
would be situated within overall context of Social Protection regimes of the
respective countries, also identifying broad overall commonalities in issues
and approaches.
Structure of the Conference
There are two
distint, yet-inter-connected parst to the conference.
1.
One-day
meet on the research-policy interface.
2.
Two-day
conference on SPA research themes.
3.
Field
visit to the development programmes.
The one-day
policy meer covered the country perspectives, evolution and experiences on Social
Protection policies by policy makers or academicians involved in policy making
followed by discussions on how the policies fared and what the role of research
innforming policies related to Social Protection could be. In the interactive session, policy makers
would provide insights into, what worked and what did not, and what kind of
research and findings would enable the formulate appropiate policies.
The later two
days devoted to sharing the intial findings research partners on their
respective thematic area of Social Protection.
The presentations was critiqued by the experts and advisors and feedback
would be provided to the research teams on methodology, analysis and
findings. The opportunity for policy
makers to understand the research components and provide their feedback.
The last day
devoted for visiting some of the development programmes in the city.
Lesson Learned
1.
Invited
and participated on the international conference.
2.
Fruitful
experience when presented an idea, critiqued and discussed with experties and
researchers from many countries.
3.
Upgrading
the knowledge about the social protection from arround the Asia.
4.
Networking
and linkage with researchers and academicians, especially from social proection
field, from arround Asia.
5.
Knowing
about the development programmes and social protection implementation in the
Vietnam and another countries arround the Asia.
6.
Become
the inner circle of the social protection researcher and development studies
expert, especially for Asia Programme.
7.
The
knowledge how to handle and held an international conference.
APPENDIX
THE PRESENTATIONS OF THE CONFERENCE
SOCIAL PROTECTION IN ASIA CONFERENCE AND RESEARCH
WORKSHOP
FORTUNA HOTEL, HANOI – VIETNAM, 01st—5th June 2009
Pioneering
Research and Knowledge Partnerships to Promote Public Action for Livelihood
Security in Changging World
Day 1, 01st June 2009
I.
Introductory
1.
Dr. Sarah Cook (Director of Social
Protection in Asia Programme – Institute of Development Studies, United
Kingdom)
A policy
research and network building programme.
To designed
social protection intervension, the objective:
·
Overcome
barriers to the extension Social Protection,
·
Identify
and promote innovative forms of Social Protection,
·
Build
in Asia-wide Network.
The research
theme:
·
Mobility
and migration.
·
Informality,
work, employment and Social Protection.
2.
Prof. Alakh Sharma (Director of India
Human Development – New Delhi, India)
Research
project as the basis of advocacy and capacity building to change the Social
Protection policy.
3.
David Mulse (Ford Foundation)
Social
Protection is the core value of FF, so the FF funding the Social Protection
Programme.
Ford Foundation
Hanoi Office (Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia) will move to Jakarta – Indonesia.
4.
Dr. Evan Due (IDRC Singapore)
Support the
research, especially the applied research and not the academic research, to
influence the stake holders and policy maker by the dissemination of the
research findings.
II.
Social Protection in Vietnam
1. Nguyen Trong Dam (Vietnam Vice Minister of Ministry of Labour, War Invalids
and Social Affair)
Social
Protection is the economic and social aspect for marginalized people.
The NGO, Researcher,
government must be working together.
Social
Protection is the national system called as social insurance plus capacity
building to the empower people. Self
reliance is the national target and part of sustainable development program,
inline with international program (Millenum Development Goals).
2. Tran Dac Loi (Vice President of Vietnam Union of Friendship Organizations)
Social
Protection. Changing the paradigm of development become non profit oriented
based anymore. Life of the human being is
not drive by the market or profit.
Natural
resources is for everybody not only keep and manage by a small group of
investor. The present system, liberal
market system is wrong.
Vietnam system
is social equality, everybody can access to the resources. Social equality make the high productivity
and Vietnam become the dynamic growing country in social and economic.
Human
resources (capacity building) à Economic resources à sustainable development
·
Basic
education *
Land reform * Infra
structure
·
Skill
training *
Income distribution * Higher education
·
Social
protection * Capacity building * Economic policy based
·
Housing
and healt insurance * Loans
without interest on society
III. Global Economic Crisis
1.
Dr. Valerie Kozel (World Bank – Vietnam
Office)
Social
Protection, helping men and women to get livelihood security.
Crisis in Asia
make:
·
Informalization
and marginalization of workers.
·
Migrant
workers (domesticly and internasionally).
·
Gender
differentiated impacts (women workers fired).
Managing the crisis:
·
Return
to rural areas and develop the agriculture sector.
·
Social
network and solidarity (reduced pay and working hours).
·
Social
protection system (improve quality of labour, occupational mobility, and social
insurance and social security system).
2.
Dr. Leonardo Gasparini (CEDLAS –
Universidad Nacional de La Plata – Argentina)
Teh impact of
Global Crisis in Latin America are increase the poverty and decrease the
economic growth. But the social security
net system is good, especially for informal workers and do not have.
Example:
·
Conditional
cash transfer.
·
Provide
income support to households.
·
Promote
human capital accumulation (educational and health).
Policy
discussion:
·
Protect
most vulnerable.
·
No
Compromise with macro economics and fiscal position.
See: cedlas.org
3.
Dr. Boitshepong Giyose (Food and Nutrition
Security Advisor – New Partnership for Africa Development – South Africa)
There are 53
countries in Africa, with vary of cultuure, traditions, etc.
Social
protection is different issues for each country, most of them have poor social
protection system. Debate among
investment and creation.
NEPAD goals
and objective is women empowerment.
Conditions:
1.
Zimbwabwe
(poor conditions)
·
Health
system collapse.
·
No
commodities and poor food security.
·
School
drop out.
·
Government
structure and socio-economics system collapes
2.
Botswana
(good condition)
·
Good
governance and economic growth with the foreign fund.
3.
South
Africa (mixed effect)
·
Social
Protection still exist but cut the amount.
·
High
prices for fuel and food.
·
Lost
the indigeneous insurance scheme.
See: nepad.org and africa-union.org
Notes
from discussions:
Social
Protection:
1.
Independencies
versus charity?
2.
No
global model (panacea) but according to the conditions of each country.
3.
Community
based versus universal perspective?
Government
role in Social Protection now a day:
Impelemented
the SP (like Conditional Cash Transfer) as the program or policy not as the
holistic way to reduce the poverty.
The NGO,
Academes, and other social organization must be monitor and evaluate the SP
Program: whre the money go? Who receive the money? What for?
Conclusions:
·
Social
Protection is depend on the national or country perspective, different system
and implementation (very conditionally and based on the local context).
·
Depend
on the economic and social policy regim.
·
Where
politic locate? Human rights or another?
Day 2, 2nd June 2009
I. Extending Social Protection in Asia: Rights, Citizenship and Development
1. Economic Crisis and Informalization (Prof. Aswani Saith – ISS-The Haque)
Propotion:
1)
Social
Protection is the one dimension of development.
2)
Social
Protection in the universal context, rights for everybody.
3)
Not
use poverty line or quantitative measurement as the benchmark but use the
qualitative measurement.
The poor not
only by one income but the community perspective. Can they fullfil their basic need?
The aspect:
1)
Agenda
for disability.
Bascic need (spesific need) aspect and wider need
(universal need) aspect.
Not only under or above the poverty line. Example: education need not only for the
under poverty line but for all people.
2)
Wide
dimension of Social Protection.
Social Protection is for every body, especially
for the poor.
3)
Beyond
the sosio-economic need.
Not only about growth and development.
4)
The
governement’s goodwill for the people.
Universalization of social protection movement.
2. Social Policy and Economic Development in Late Industrializers (Prof.
Huck-Ju Kwon –
Graudate School of Public
Administration – University of Seoul – South Korea)
Background
1.
Rethinking
social policy in development context.
Social protection and social justice, social policy in the economic
development context.
2.
Social
protection versus economic efficiency.
Social investment as the solutions (Lisbon Strategy 2000).
3.
Social
policy depend on the social regimes.
Social inclusive versus economic development.
Developmental
Welfarism
Integrate
social policy in the broad context of economic and social development.
1.
Selective
form, productivism and authoritarian political background.
2.
Inclusive
form productivism and democratical political background.
Example: East Asia and Latin America (Selective
form), Nordic Country (inclusive form), development country : early adoption on
social policy.
The
Developmental State and Social Solidarity
·
Educational
and health insurance.
·
Export
oriented than import oriented.
·
Standing
on open social structure.
·
Vested
interest (Land reform, distrubuting the small assets to the citizen).
·
High
social mobility (public education).
·
State
bureaucrats and professionals attention.
Conclusions
·
The
state needs to play strategic role in the development context.
-
Facilitate
economic and social development.
-
To
provide social protection.
·
Social
solidarity
-
Broad
participation to social change.
·
Globalization
would not render social policy less significant
Notes from discussion:
1.
Authoratian
and democratic regimes do excluded somebody.
2.
Social
protection on the attention of regimes, not depend on democratic or
authoratian.
3.
Social
protection for who? Rich or poor? Or both?
-
United
state have problem with the poor.
-
India
have problem with the rich.
Social protection is for every body, but for the
poor we pay attention more because they need it more. Example, education and health are for
everybody (the basic need).
4.
The social
protection target is everybody but the top priority is the very poor and poor
people.
-
Social
movement can be do the local group and the government support them with the act
(Thailand experiences).
-
Give
the social protection to every bory, the poor first for the basic need but also
for the middle class for special need.
5.
Targeting
for social protection is important according to the condition of the reciever.
-
Fullfill
the human defisit is the target.
-
Do
the social investment for the better life.
II. Social Protection in South Asia: Progress and Barriers Extension
1. Bangladesh Experiences (Dr. Muhammad G. Sarwar – Joint Chief Planning
Commission)
Social Protection = Social Security Net
The Challenge:
-
Reducing
poverty.
-
Attaining
food security etc.
Social
Protection is a constitual obligation of the state. The right to reasonable
rest, recreation, and leisure. NGO as the partner of geovernment like Grameen
Bank.
Social
Protection Programme for all citizen:
-
Social
safet net.
-
Disasarter
management program.
-
Food
and health security.
-
Education.
For the chronic poor:
-
Cash
transfer program.
-
Micro
finance.
-
Block
grand allocation for disaster management.
Note:
Fragmanted and based on the condition and not integrated, just coping the present
problem..
Limitations:
-
Not
all poor have access.
-
In
appropiate targetting (ineligible persons).
-
Leakage:
more prevalent in-kind than in cash transfer.
Barriers:
-
Negative
elite perception about social protection.
-
Limited
capacity of state institutions to generate required resources and to
administer.
2. India Experiences (Prof. Mahendra Dev – Chairman of Commission for
Agriculture Costs and Prices of India)
Economig
growth so the poverty will decrease, but the social performance has not been
satisfactory.
Social
protection and employment creation are the national development program.
Risk and
Coping Mechanism:
-
Health
risk and child labour increase, Social Protection deals with social risk,
secure income, and food security.
-
Protection
and promotional programme:
1)
Self
employment programme.
2)
SHG –
Bank linkage, increase income and allocation for food, health and education. Empowerment and reducing poverty.
3)
Wage
employment programme to reduce unemployment and incurances mechanism.
4)
National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA):
o
Unemployment
allowance.
o
Works
permitted.
o
Implemented
by governement and NGO, social audit and monitoring for 0,5% of GDP and 10% of
state expenditure plan.
Problem and
challenge:
·
Awareness
problem among the workers.
·
Lack of
professionals.
Conclusions:
·
Most
evaluations official and non official.
·
Lackages
have been reduceed.
·
Significant
raise in agricultural wages:
o
India
controlled the food price.
o
Providing
price support to farmers.
o
Removal
lf classroom hunger.
·
Formal
and informal workers social protection
National commission for unorganized/informal
sector:
o
Minimum
social security.
o
Skill
formation.
o
Special
program for marginal and small producers.
o
Strengthening
the grass root capability and ability.
Notes
from Discussion:
1.
Minimum
social security provisions is unique.
2.
Decentralized
geovernment for better implementation.
3.
Capacity
building.
4.
NGO’s
and civil society participation.
5.
Face
and reduce the feudal system.
6.
CCT’s
would be less usefull.
III. Social Protection in South East Asia: Informalization
1. Indonesia Experiences (Dr. Satish Mishra – Managing Director of Strategic
Asia)
Conlict of interest among the politicians. Claim
each other as their program and success.
Decentralization make the implementation of social
protection hard. Conflict of interest
among the state and provinces.
Policy making mechanism in conflict among the
department.
Foreign investor mostly in geothermal based and
natural resources based.
2. Social Welfare in Vietnam (Ms. Nguyen Thi Lan – Vice Director of Department
of Social Protection – MOLISA Vietnam)
The household
poor 13,47% (2008)
Policy:
·
Hunger
eradiation and poverty reduction (since (1998).
o
Rapid
and sustainable poverty reduction.
o
Monthly
social allowance.
o
Disadvantage
go to governement or non government homestay.
o
Health
insurance.
·
Resolutions
to stimulate the nation economy (since 2008)
o
Allocate
the funding and another resources to reducing the poverty.
Poverty 50% in
1998 and than 13,5% in 2008.
Lesson
learned:
-
Economic
development increase so social protection increase and become the equal
society.
-
Allocation
of funding resources from government.
-
Encourage
civil society to contribute.
-
Partnership
with internaational donors.
-
User
friendly social protection policies and programs.
-
Changing
famlily and social structure.
Dynamics
program of Social Protection:
-
Increase
information and awareness.
-
Increase
allocation funding from government and donors.
-
Incorporate
and develop modern approach.
-
Conduct
regular survey and in depth studies.
3. Social and Economic Protection in Korea: Evolution of Welfare State in
Korea (Prof. Huck Ju Kwon)
1.
Sosial
insurance programme for all citizen.
-
Pension
programme and health insurance.
2.
Social
assistance programme.
-
Minimum
living standard guarantee.
3.
Public
pension programme for public and state employ.
Korea success
for rapid economic development and welfare developmentalism. Welfare less than economic efficiency,
economic usefull is everything.
-
Discourage
dependency on the state.
-
Promoting
private resources welfare.
-
State
is the regulator.
Social bases
in Korea:
1.
Land
reform
2.
Human
resource development
-
Social
mobility.
-
Equality
and open society.
3.
Inclusive
Social Protection, even more often failed because of political lack.
Rescalling
developmental welfare state:
-
Enhanced
universal coverage.
-
Think
overall structure of welfare state.
-
Cash
benefits versus social benefit.
Lowest fertility rate in the world (1,13)
-
Expanding
childcare services.
-
Longterm
care insurance.
-
Responses
to flexible labour market via social enterprises.
4. Thailand Experiences (Mr. Ruxsax Chotchaisathit – Inspector General of
Social Security Office of Thailand)
Social
Protection in Thailand covered 47million from 66million citizen.
The programme
are:
-
Universal
healt insurance.
-
Old
age allowance
-
Informal
sector à increase
benefit and accelerate government to contribute.
Social safety
net as the social protection
|
Multinational
Corporation
|
|
People in
society cannot afford into modern world
|
|
-
Labour
law
-
Social
security law
|
|
ICT,
Biotech, material tech, nano tech
|
|
Increase
informal workers
|
|
Molecular
economic
|
-
Social
security scheme.
-
Micro
social security.
-
Modern
social security.
-
Social
assistance program.
Notes
from discussion:
1.
Decentralization
is successfull program for social transformation in some countries but not work
for others, like Indonesia.
2.
Land
reform as the social policy program is success in Korea, Japan, and Taiwan but
what about in another countries?
3.
In
South East Asia, informal workers increase and now aday become 75% of total
workers, Social Protection only support the formal workers not informal
workers. So, informal excluded from the
Social Protection.
4.
Social
protection included at social development programme.
5.
Economic
and social development in the best way for ASEAN countries. Influence by the political economy.
6.
Flexible
labour market, make the workers in the risky positions.
Job or work security must be part of the Social
Protection, for formal and informal worker.
7.
Indonesia
conditions: concentrated in Jakarta and Java, make the decision making for
national approach is difficult.
Conditional cash transfer (Program Keluarga
Harapan or PKH) not cure the crisis and not for Social Protection but for the
short term reaction to cope the sosioeconomic problems.
Social protection in Indonesia is the Social
Development Program with long term approach.
Social Protection is the social investment for
social transformation.
Notes:
Indonesia have 33 municipal or provinces and 390
districts (cities and residence), they have authonomy to run the National
Social Protection. So the social protection implementation various one another.
IV. Thinking Through the Regional Agenda for Social Protection
1.
Dr. K.P. Kannan (CDS – Trivandrum)
Social Protection = social security.
1)
Contigencies
protection à social
detection.
2)
Many
methods and many schemes. Implementation
according to the conditions of the country.
3)
Basic
minimum social security.
4)
Priority
in the national budget.
5)
Creating
public employment program.
2.
Mr. Sandeep Chachra (Action Aid)
Social Protection
promote social bases for social development.
1)
Consolidation
of the social forces.
2)
Political
instrument and agencies.
3)
Linkage
of political instrument with social movement.
3.
Mr. Joge Carillo (United nations Economic
and Social Commission for Asia-Pacific – UNESCAP)
Social
Protection and Social Justice.
Barriers:
inequalities, social exclusion, and vulnerable risk.
Need:
-
Citizenship.
-
Legal
empowerment.
-
Access
to justice.
-
Rights
based appoarch.
-
Rule
of law.
Advocacy for social policy and the implementations.
4.
Dr. Melissa Andrade (International Poverty
Center)
Social safety
net for each country.
1.
Not
only for spesific program but integrated program.
2.
The
program according to the national context.
3.
Cas
transfer (BLT) and conditional cash transfer not the panacea for all countries.
4.
Different
program for the different target group.
5.
Economic
bases develoment reform.
6.
Research
network to promote and sharing information.
7.
Build
the dialogue mechanism with the policy maker.
Notes
from discussion:
1)
State policies, beyond the government regimes
program.
2)
Transfer
of information and experiences among the countries with their successfull
programme.
3)
Social
protection = social justice = social empowerment.
4)
Global
social floor, ILO minimum standard for wages.
How much the minimum standard for
each country?
5)
Working
eith claim holders of excluded group.
6)
Working
with the grassroot movement.
7)
Cash
transfer is loan from World Bank to the some government, so tehy must pay
back. Why did included to the Social
Protection Programme?
8)
Mak
social policies menchanism implemented in all arround the world.
9)
Learn
among the countries experience and accross the region. Prototype and model of Social Protection.
10)
Accross
boreder learning and sharing the success and unsuccess program to make a better
Social Protection approach.
11)
Policy
action for a trigger social implementation in every country.
12)
Sharing
the best practices.
13)
Redifinition
of what is the Social Protection and what the instrument.
14)
Build
a concensus among the Social Protection activist to make the Social Protection
implemented all arround the world.
15)
Integrated
program that the Social Protection and social policy implementation.
16)
Make
the non market mechanism of Social Protection accepted.
17)
Understanding
political and technical barriers to implementation of Social Protection.
18)
Working
for the marginalized people or community.
19)
Social
Protection is the human development and social investment.
20)
The
corruption issue in every contry.
21)
Social
Protection is the holistic approach, beyond the economic and social growth.
22)
Satae
terrorism and state violence in some countries.
23)
Social
Protection in the global perspective.
Closing and Conclusions (Mr. C. Upendranad – SPA
Coordinator)
Global panel,
sharing the experiences and best practices od Social Protection implementations
and implications.
Political and
agencies barriers but the most important is the human resources barriers for
implementation the Social Protection.
Day 3, 3rd June 2009
Social Propection Annual Research Workshop
Introduction (Dr. Sarah Cook – Director of Social
Protection in Asia)
Agenda:
1)
Working
Plan
2)
Publication
a.
SPA
Book (July 2010).
b.
UNESCAP
Book (December 2009).
3)
SPA
Working Paper, annual report at July 2009, 5.000 word per paper of research
result.
4)
Collecting
volume for the next year.
1.
Migration and Social Protection in China
and Vietnam
Chairman: Prof. Amitabh
Kundu (Jawharlal Nehru University – India)
Population increase à seeking work increase à migrant workers increase.
1)
Dr. Le Bach Duong (Institute fro Social
Development Studies – Hanoi-Vietnam)
Social Protection for rural-urban migrants in an era of increasing
population mobility and socio-economic transformation in Vietnam
Unprecedented population mobility à Social Protection for migrants.
Learn form China experiences à legal framework Social Protection for migrant and
non migrant vulnerable.
Equal economic, social, and political rights for all (the Vietnam
Constitution):
·
Governement
create the barriers among rural and urban migrants. Divided to 4 categories.
·
Households
registration to access rights and law.
Not registered has no access.
Example: for employment
-
Loans
promotion.
-
Education
and financial support.
-
Health
care insurance.
Migrant
workers must pay much higher prices for electricity, pipe water, etc.
Migrant
workers mostly work in the informal sector.
Face the
difficulties to access core services and higher cost.
2)
Dr. Yu Zhu (Center for Population and
Development Research – Fujian University – China)
Social Protection for rural urban migrants workers in China
China socio economic development increase, make workers mobility à rural completely exclueded from the
system.
Social welfare household system, dividing the population agricultural and
non agricultural sector.
Disadvantage for migrant wokers, non agri cultural population unstable job
and low income.
China governement set up new policies but the problem is the understanding
of rural-urban migrant Social Protection.
Social Protection for rural-urban migrant.
-
Employment and income
o
Dangerous,
dirty, and demanding
o
Low
income
o
High
risk to be unemployment
o
Trade
union encourage
o
Timely
payment of wages and minimum wages
o
Employment
contract
-
Social
insurance
o
Low
social insurance coverage for rural-urban migrant
o
Poor
unemployment insurance coverage
o
Development
of new rural urban mingrant cooperative
-
Housing
o
Constructution
for migrant workers by the ministry of construction
o
Safety
standards of migrant accomodation
o
Urban
housing security system
-
Children
education
o
Not
enough schooling places in the publilc school
o
Some
school for migrant workers but they are poorly funded and teaching is the
dubious quality
o
Local
government at the migrant destination and their home towns take responsibility
to providing and funding the schoool.
o
Government
needs to take a grater share of responsibility of Social Protectiona and the
implementation.
3)
Dr. Daven Wang (Chinese Academy for Social
Sciences Institute of Population and Labor Economics)
Next step:
-
Housing
problems
-
Employment
and wage
-
Health
and health care
-
Education
of migrant children
-
Social
insurance and welfare
Notes:
Economic transition
from planning economy to market oriented economy
-
Speed
up institutional reform
-
Create
a friendly urban environment
-
Employment
promotion and labour contract law
-
Integrate
rural and urban development and labour market.
4)
Dr. Miguel A. Salazar (Beijing Normal
University)
1)
The
changing of economic system from planning economy to market oriented economy,
the impact is the massive urbanization (mobility). Urban/migrant workers
increase and rural workers decrease.
The new problem arise, Social Protection for
migrant workers and rural workers are specific and different on to another.
2)
Variation
of the local (provincial and city) policies, must be assemble become the
universal policy.
Notes
from discussion:
·
Houesholds
system is very controlling system, set up another system less controlling
system.
·
Data
is the pictures from something we want to know and research is the adding value
from something we already know.
·
Macro
framework for the implementation of the research network to influence the
Social Protection policy.
·
Creating
the Social Protection policy that cover the mobility of population.
·
The
political system is different one from another region, so the Social Protection
will be different. Need to set up the
universal Social Protection system.
·
Migrant
is not homogeneous group so the Social Protection policy can not be specific
for one group only but general for the all group and even universal to cope the
rural-urban workers and all the citizen.
·
Migration
still treat as the problem or negative image.
Poverty, conflict, or war issue in their hometown and create new problem
(housing, health care, education, etc) in their new town.
·
Push
the governement to make the Social Protection policy to protect the migrant at
their new town and rural workers at their hometown. Actually Social Protection policy is
implemented for all citizen as the responsibility of the country to fulfill the
citizen rights and the human rights as the human being.
2.
Livelihoods, Employment and Social
Protection
Chairman: Dr. Valerie Kozel
(World Bank in Vietnam)
1)
Mr. C. Upendranadh (Institute of Human
Development – India)
Instituational and Governance Challenges in Social Protection: The to Work
Programme in India
Regional variations in the level of implementation and outcomes a cross the
in state of labour wages.
Capacity of the implementation apparatus and social society participation
is the key engines for success:
-
Lack
of knowledge
-
Lack
of guidelines
-
Institutational
capacity missing
-
Quality
of implementation
-
Distribution
of benefits
-
Transparency
safeguards (wahe calculation)
-
Convergence
with othe programmes
Method:
Process dimensions
Qualitative
and quantitative dimensions to implementation the process.
Initials
observation use FGD.
Issues:
-
Delays
in payment
-
Uniform
payment to all groups
-
Field
work and households is far away
-
Demand
management is a problem
-
Reduction
in migration
-
Rural
wages increased
Field of work
are land development, forestry, road connectivity, water conservation etc.
Massive
working for infrastructure project in the village, open opportunity to control
the migration.
Summary:
-
Positive
impact
-
Defisite
in work site facilities, low wages, lack of staff knowledge, and institutional.
2)
Prof. D.N. Reddy (Institute of Human
Development – India)
NREGA as the Social Protection, working minimum employment of the
household.
Better than cash transfer, because have capacity building aspect.
The missing ascpect:
·
Lack
of the implementation
-
Land
reform without proper facilities and infrastructgure.
-
Without
professional assistance and skill training.
·
No
transfer of knowledge from governement to local (village) leader
3)
Ms. Ratna Sudharshan (ISST – New Delhi
India)
Examining NREGA: Women Participation and Impacts
State with high poverty levels and high participation
Wages earned: minimum wages but above the market rate for women but under
the market rate for men, limited male participation.
State program to eradicity the poverty, based on National Working Guarantee
Acts.
Give the educated women working opprotunity even for the minimum work,
payment into bank account and takes time to hence daily housholds needs.
For agricultural sector, depend to the traditional calender planting,
forcing upward revision of wages.
Limitations:
-
Limited
to young women with young child
-
Low
participation to the local people who have ownland
-
Migrant
population seeking for the higher wages.
Impacts:
-
Wider
impact on market wages
-
Intra
household allocation responsibilities
-
Absord
the women supply labour
-
Strong
developmental state
Advocacy:
Strong role
civil society groups and NGO’s for better implementation and higher awarenesss.
4)
Ms. Boonsoom Namsomboon (Foundation for Labour
and Employment Promotion)
Genders Perspective in NREGA Project in India
Gender discrimination base on the culture, only number of women not prove
on gender equality.
5)
Dr. Sujata Prosad (Institute for
Governement Accounts and Finance – Ministry of Finance India)
NREGA: Guarantee working opportunity, increase the women participation,
health security, education, capacity building, and participatory planning. Also increase the domestic violence and drop
out the girl student to take care their brother or sistes.
Notes
from discussion:
·
Impact
to province and state accumulately.
·
East
Asia facing the migrant workers and the big number of people to serve.
·
South
Asia decrease the migrant workers, improve the women participation, civil
society participation, but facing the the quality of serve and government
resources.
·
NREGA
programme increase the wages market.
·
Women
participation increase but chilcare decrease, new household problem.
·
Flexibility
or some institutional structure among the provinces.
·
What
about the programme stop? Longterm perspective aspect especially the impact of
the capacity building.
·
NREGA
is the universal programme to cope the working opportunity (even for the
minimum wage).
·
The
NREGA programme differented according to the local context.
·
Productivity
of the state increase.
3.
Social Protection for Aged
1)
Prof Xiamoei Pei (Tsinghua University –
China)
The Role of the Community in Rural China
Instituional building for Social Protection in transitional societies:
-
Potential
between the individual and state.
-
Finance
beyond employment-based programs.
-
Process
right optaining.
-
Dependency
at the aged in the modern society.
Make it:
-
Rural
eldery remain independent and contribute to the family and community.
-
Local
resources can be mobilized to support the eldery.
Organized
community effort:
Pension
housing, paid work, opportunities, care subsidies, accompanied by the country
old age insurance.
Resource
mobilization + community governance + individual authority à welfare aged à pension, work, housing, care subsidies,
o;d age insurance, and helath care.
Self organized
community:
Self organized
eldery villagers to contribute to the local economics development:
-
Relatively
high social status,
-
Created
opportunities for economic independence,
-
Resources
accumulation.
Unorganized
self support:
Living
indenpendently from the children.
Findings and
follow up:
-
Status
of the eldery is related to the community resources moblization and
distribution.
-
Realtions
to community development.
-
Positions
to the community social status.
-
Institualized
programs for the aged.
-
Relations
to the community welfare distribution.
2)
Dr. Marissa L. San Jose (Senior
Occupational Health Officer – Phillipines)
Eldery in Philipnes still working, even they are suffer
The Social Protection program is Occupational, Safety and Health.
Notes from discussions:
·
Rural
people never retired, no work no eat. In
india state did not give any potection at all.
·
The
different area, different Social Protection policy model.
·
Linkage
the social society organization with the government. Self organized Social Protection program with
the governement program.
·
The
family will take care the elder in the South Asia, so the eldery Social
Protection is not needed.
·
Social
Protection is norm based, widely thinking about the program.
·
Social
Protection for eldery, the resources must be owned.
o
How
to mobilized?
o
How
to organized?
o
How
to distributed?
o
For indpendency and not give the children or
family another burdens.
o
Contributed
to the family and community.
Individual à household à family à community à state
3)
Dr. Darshini Mahadevia (CEPT – Ahmedabad
India)
Social Protection and Shelter Urbanization, Inclusive Urbanization: Social
Protection for Slum and Pavement Dwellers in India.
Social Protection and urban policies = social policies.
Tebure, urban land tenure and Social Protection linkage.
Community mobilization for basic services.
Formation and informal settlement.
Ahmedabad is the industrial town à 400 years industrial history and
dominated the economic.
India: 30% (320million) living in urban area, 25,7% of them (80million)
bellow the official poverty line, 70% (220million) of urban work in the
informal sector.
Migration is low becuase the capital intensive nature of industrialization
and increasing hosility to the low income migrants in the cities.
-
Urban
policies no confortable for migrants.
-
Discourage
rural-urban migration.
-
Urban
land reform legislation.
-
Urban
land ceiling and regulation act.
Reform:
-
Urban
visioans of world class cities.
-
Expulsions
from urban space through eviction and displacement.
-
Land
reform housing for the poor.
Social
Protection in urban areas, Government responsibilities to:
-
Water
supply and sanitation
-
Roads
and public transport.
-
Housing
and land development.
-
Rarely
education.
-
Health
care insurance.
-
Social
security net (work opportunities and minimum wages).
Urban and
tenure
Continum
levels of security, from insecure to secure tenure:
-
Legal
ownership or renting document.
-
Certificate
of legal development on the land.
-
Properly
tax bill and possesing of voting card and electricity bill.
4)
Mr. Haris Gazdar (Collective for Social
Science Research – Pakistan)
Residential Land as the Social Protection: Local Mobilization in Pakistan
Linkages between residential security dan trandformative Social Protection
agenda.
Emperical window on social marginalization.
Massive asstes transfer programs.
Residential security:
-
Right
to adequate housing.
-
Contractual
security.
-
Social
arrangements to access.
-
Administrative
requirements of fixed.
Findings:
-
Migration
and displacement.
-
Individual
versus community security.
-
Transactional
relations with political policies.
-
On
going contest overcalims.
-
Active
process of group formation.
-
Role
of women in asserting claims.
-
External
shock makes (in) security saliant.
-
Regularization,
infrastructure and intervention.
Implications:
-
Social
arrangements and community formation dominate.
-
Solidarity
empowers (for marginalized and women).
-
External
agents involvement.
5)
Dr. Rosalinda P. Ofreneo (Homeworkers
Network South East Asia)
Social Protection in shelter reform model.
Need:
-
Collective
action.
-
Advocacy
narrative.
-
Subsectoral
analysis à the
exactly definition.
-
Inclusive
urban planning.
-
Conservation
with multiple stakeholders.
Notes
from discussion:
·
Slum
area evictioned and move to the settlement or land in new area.
·
Implication
of law and regulation to the community.
·
Land
reform is the best way to reduce the slum area.
·
Civil
society must be stand up and fight for.
4.
Achieving Policy Influence Throug Research
Chairman: Mr. Harsh Mander
(Special Commissioner of the Right to Food – Supreme Court of India)
1)
Influencing Policy Through Research (Dr.
Rosalinda P. Ofraneo & Mr. Daniel S. Stephanus – Homenet South East Asia)
How the Research Advocacy Go Together and Reinforce Eash Other
Advocacy group, research capability and experience
-
Networking
with academe
-
Working
with government agencies who concern to the Social Protection.
Advocacy
agenda:
-
Universal health insurance.
-
Social
security insurance.
-
Strengthen
laboir market and occupational safety and health.
-
Support
community based.
For informal workers especially homeworkers.
Research is
the basis of the legal drafting and advocacy.
Influence the
policy making proceess.
-
Coping
the gaps of knpowledge.
-
Conflict
of interest among the stakeholders with policy maker.
2)
Prof. Dashini Mahadevia (CEPT University –
Ahmedabad India)
Gap among researcher (academe) with the policu maker (government
apparatus).
Identify the stake holders is the a difficult job but it’s must be
doing. To ensure the target of the
research and the research result go.
3)
Prof. Xiaomei (Tsinghua University –
China)
Research is to push social attention of the policy maker and set up the
model with pilot project program.
-
Propose
the national program.
-
Publilc
recognition and awareness.
-
Political
incentives promoted via dissemination of the research result and best
practices.
“Message to be
sent to the policy maker”
4)
Dr. Muhammad Sarwar (Planning Commission
of Bangladesh)
Policy making influenced by the political leader and external funding
agencies.
Research is the information for policy making, especially action research.
Example Grameen Bank by Prof. Mohammad Yunus.
Research and policy making depend one each other. The power structure and academic research
joint and work together as the agent of change for social transformation.
5)
Mr. Tripurari Sharan (Secretary Food and
Public Distribution Government of Bihar – India)
Policy making, different point of view among the academe and beureacrat.
Research finding can support or become obstacle for policy making.
Government data is very poor, the researcher is needed to update the data
and current information and issue. The
data and information adjusted with the political spectrum.
Research needed by the government:
Action
research, Fundamental research, Macroeconomic research and Sosio economic
research.
Notes
from discussion:
·
Ensure
the voice of the research finding become part of the public policy making.
·
The
political porblems (esecutive – legislative – political party) influence the
policy making. Research finding must be
influence the political leader.
·
Policy
making, small influence if compare with the international pressure, media
pressure, and political goals to winning ellection.
·
Gap
of the methodology knowledge among governement versus researcher. The governement attent to the attractive
presentation and dont pay attention to the quality of the research.
·
Influence
policy making by so many way. Research
can be arrange as many forms (publication, media opinion, etc.). Send the message with so many languages, but
keep the data ownessly.
·
Policy
researcher act like as the policy researcher and not as the policy maker. Policy researcher give the opinion or
information with the data perspective not political or other perspective.
·
Research
give the timely information. Send the
message (research finding) ASAP. In the attractice form and as short as
possible.
·
Use
the international research agencies (like SPA) to disseminate teh research finding
and as the international pressure. The
voice is louder than local or national level only.
·
High
level political engagement (example: China government in East Asia) as the
regional or international pressure to another country in the region.
·
Researcher
just do the research without think about the political influence. Just find the research finding, do
dissemination, and be patience (moment and opportunity) than influence the
policy making happen.
Day 4, 4th June 2009
1.
Social Protection Intervensions: Design
and Evaluation
Chairman: Dr. Sathish Mishra
(Managing Director of Strategic Asia)
1)
Dr. Widjajanti Suharyo (SMERU Institute –
Indonesia)
The roles of women in the ner Indonesia Conditional Cash Transfer (CCTs),
Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) CCTs to The Chronic Poor
The CCTs program for the chronic poor and roles by the women, house wife.
-
Aiming
quality of human: health and ecducation.
-
Cut
the intergenerational poverty trap.
Findings:
-
The
program is not monitoring well.
-
Health
service know the program but don not know to monitoring and reporting system.
-
Evolution
in gender perspective and increase the education.
-
Reinforce
tradition gender.
-
Women
income increase but still responsible to the household activities.
PKH progam is
the dynamic family welfare program, but the problem are:
-
Lack
of understanding of the operator.
-
Traditional
gender bias.
-
Opportunities
work of the migran workers (cities and international).
-
Consumption
and housing renovation.
Notes:
-
Better
than directly or unconditional cash transter (BLT Program).
-
in
line with the local custom (women as the financial manager of the family).
-
Increase
motivation to send the children going to school.
2)
Dr. Linxiu Zhan (CCAP – China)
Good News and Bad News of National Representative of New Health Protection
fir Rural in China
Medical service is decrease:
-
Coverage
of medical insurance decrease.
-
Cost
of medical cost increase.
-
Government
funding for health care decrease.
China
government held new cooperative medical system (NCMS)
-
Publicly
funded medical care for rural people.
-
Institutional
framework.
China did not
use percapita income or household income but village or community income to
measure of poorness or poverty or welfare.
NCMS cover all
the China rural people.
Good news:
-
Medical
services and hospitalization.
-
Medical
expenditures increase.
-
Percapita
inpatient expencitures increase.
Bad News:
-
Participant
who received reimbursement.
-
Most
people us their own money to medical expenditure.
-
The
government budget not much (10% of the GNP), not enough to cover all people.
Policy
Implications:
-
Government
needs to raising the funding.
-
Reform
health system and provide appropiate incentive for the medical persons.
-
Provide
vilage clinics and towns hospital.
3)
Dr. Melissa Andrade (International Poverty
Center – Brazilila)
·
More
mecial threament than preventive health care in China.
·
Indonesia
have so many schemes like community schemes (PNPM and Sekolah Gratis), Family
schemes (PKH), and individual schemes (BLT).
Long trip to human investment but trapping in consumption.
·
Wider
gender perspective:
o
Women
in labour marker.
o
Women
empowerment.
o
Women
roles in community.
·
Problems:
o
Demand
and supply perspective for women.
o
Reinforcement
of the conditional, uses of the money.
o
Women
and birth health issue.
o
Benefit
of sending children to school.
4)
Dr. Rudy Prawiradinata (National
Development Planning Board of Indonesia)
PKH program objective is health and education for longterm (human
investment).
Held in 13 Provinces, 40 district, 100 villages.
The comprehensice monitoring and evaluation in the end of 2009.
Notes from discussions:
·
Simple
procedure in PKH, ensure uses of money?
·
The
different health system in China, some people excluded.
·
Joining
survey and research among the research and the government apparatus (SMERU and
Bappenas).
·
One
system arrangement, the moye increase perperson or perhousehold.
·
Awareness
of the people who inpacted by the program, empowerment and innitiative.
·
Improving
gender equality not depend on one program but influenced by many perspective.
·
Government
attention and involvement to the social problem, budget for poverty reducing
must be increase.
·
Heterogeneous
scheme, every district have their own scheme according to their conditions.
·
PKH
have no gender program, but have gender implication.
2.
Protecting the Most Vulnerable
Chairman: Prof. Alakh N. Sharma (Director of India
Human Development – India)
1)
Kharisma Huda (BRAC Development Institute – Bangladesh)
Building Pathwayd for the Poorest: Operationalizing Concept of Graduation
Poverty trap of extreme poor:
-
Fragile
livelihoods.
-
Chronic
food security.
-
Ill
Health and morbidity.
-
Lack
of access to productive assets.
-
Gendered
face.
Complex knot
with many sources, pulling one make others more complex.
Hungry,
dependent, unemployed, landless, etc.
Need
sustainable strategic.
Example: food
security + increased income and saving + education + health services + health
seeking behaviour.
Graduation
model:
Consumption
support à saving
services à skill
training à asset
transfer à self
reliance.
Rights based
approch à micro
finance à saving à ROs
2)
Dr. Miguel A. Salazar (Beijing Normal
University – China)
Impact of Natural Disaster on the Social Protection System, Lessons from
Wenchuan Earthquake
Catastrophe management strategy à insurance and prevention
Physical, economic, and environmental damage:
-
Employment
and income.
-
Death
and loss.
-
Housing
and living conditions.
-
Education,
etc.
Government
action:
Disaster
action à emergency
action.
Post disaster
action à training
and education.
-
Contingency
plans developed.
-
Use
improvisation and use local sources.
-
External
agencies could not substitute local officials, even they were burn out of work
stress.
3)
Dr. Rudy Prawiradinata (National
Development Planning Board of Indonesia)
Gradually Improvement of the Social and Economic Status
1.
Provide
the fish
Assistance and Social Protection program
-
Rice
Subsidy
-
Cash
transfer
-
Health
insurance
-
Scholarship
2.
Facilitate
with fish rod
Community empowerment program
-
Block
grant
-
Infrastructure
3.
Assist
to have fish rod and boat
Micro and small-scale enperprise empowerment
-
Micro
credits
-
Financial
assistance
The most
vulnerable, extreme poor, poor, near poor.
Social
Protection system in Indonesia
·
Act
40/2004 – Social Security System act, for worker in formal sector
-
Health
insurance
-
Old
age saving and pensions
-
Accident
benefit
·
Act
11/2009 – Social Welfare Act
-
Social
assistance
-
Dissable
and disaster victims
Secretariat of
the council established on January 2009.
Preparing
government regulations to operatonalize law.
-
Trust
fund principles
-
Cover
to the all people.
-
Establish
single identity number.
-
But
limited governement budget.
-
Develop
integrated Social Protection System.
Notes
from discussions:
·
Disaster
Management Social Protection Model, anticipate and cope the social problem before
the disaster come.
·
Gender
perspective in the disaster management Social Protection model.
3.
Social Protection in Asia: An Agenda for
Research and Policy Advocacy
Chairman: Prof. Huck Ju
Kwon, Prof. Aswani Saith, and Prof. Naila Kabeer
What kind policy implication from the reseach?
·
Research
program and agenda.
·
Impact
of the research finding.
·
Reseacrh
must be neutral and give the information to all stake holders( government,
NGOs, civil society, and community).
·
Cross
the sonstrint and make the universal approach.
Notes
from discussions
·
Cross
country research, sub regional and regional.
·
Social
an political ecnomic framework.
·
Research
finding must be deliver to the policy making process. In many way in may form in many language.
·
Research
implementation by the policy maker.
·
Felxibility
of the study, variety of the problem must be cover. Can be set up as the macro or universal
overview, overall development process, and universal framework.
·
Social
Protection is the coping strategy for social development as empowering
strategy.
·
Indegenous
community mechanism of Social Protection must be develop again.
4.
ASEAN, China, and Korea Meeting
Chairman: Dr. Sarah Cook
(Social Protection In Asia Director)
Final report
of all SPA programmes is August 2010, so in the end of July 2010 all financial
and narrative report must be assamble.
·
Set
up the universal issue and key issue, example modelling Social Protection
Disaster Management.
·
Key
element of the project.
·
International
dissemination and publications.
·
Aknowldegement,
link with another SPA partner.
·
Clear
research question must be written.
·
Workshop
of research finding with stake holders.
·
Report
form and publication can be deliver in various form, according to the nature of
the project and not depend on the IDS guidelines.
·
Even
no policy about the Social Protection but many policies have impact to Social
Protection that can be influenced by the research.
·
Informalization
in economy is the latest phenomena that impact the Social Protection and
influence the welfare policy.
Reseacrh
Communication Stategies
·
Programme
commitment to engaging with policy process, advocacy, and knowledge sharing.
·
Planning
to identify:
o
Key
message,
o
Stakeholders,
o
Communcation
objective,
o
Activity
and tools,
o
When
and who.
Move
Forward with a Collective Agenda
·
Globalization
context.
o
Influence
the labour market.
o
Changing
economic structure.
·
Social
Protection rural people in general.
·
Social
Protection for informal sector.
·
Social
Protection floor, percountry and internationally
o
Strengthening
the basis of Social Protection.
o
Networking
among the Social Protection research and institutions with another institutions
who concern about Social Protection.
·
Cross
cutting issue at region and international.
·
Crisis
and the reaction of the policy maker, Social Protection as reaction (short term
perspective) or human investment (long term perspective).
·
Advocacy
platform for Social Protection in Asia.
·
To
keep networking for long term and sustainability of the movement.
·
The
good and bad impact of the Social Protection system.
·
Research
is to do action.
·
Social
Protection for every body.
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