Hanoi – Vietnam, 01—05 June 2009
Introduction
The conference is the
mid-term conference for the SPA programme research, the advocacy and network
building programme, funded by the Ford Foundation and IDRC. The research partner is led by the Institute
of Development Studies (IDS) United Kingdom and The Institute for Human
Developmen (IHD) New Delhi – India, and 13 institutions across Asia, including
the Institute for Social Development Studies (ISDS) in Hanoi – Vietnam which is
the local host institution.
The conference started with an opening an reception on the evening of 1st June followed by the a one day event on 2nd June with policy makers from region. The following 2 days, 3rd—4th June, focused on presentations and discussion of the research being undertaken within the SPA Programme. The final day, 5th June, involved field visit to development programme around Hanoi (1. Van Cang Friendly Village for war victims of agent orange; 2. Social Protection Center for orphanage, homeless people, and begger; 3. Initiative Job for Youth, center that provide career opportunities for youth).
The overall aims of
the conference are to review the progress of the ongoing research, to establish
links with policy makers in the region, to provide plaform for thematic
discussions on key issues of the Social Protection in Asia and to strengthen
the SPA network. The participants are 60
persons, primarily from Asian countries, they are the representative of the SPA
research projects, advisory board members, academics, and policy makers.
The venue is the
Fortuna Hotel – Hanoi, the SPA Programme covered the expenses for economy class
return flight to Hanoi, transport to and from airport to the Fortuna Hotel,
accomodation, and all meals during the conference days.
The Social Protection in Asia Programme Conference
The SPA Programme
involves research, networking, and advocacy to create a research an policy
network on Social Protection In the Asian Region. The SPA conference were to review the
progress of the ongoing research, provide feedback to the researchers to
sharpen their research questions and also to establish lingkage between with
teh policy process.
The conference were to
act as the platform to establish the linkage between research and policy makers
and donors. Some policy makers, civil
servants or those who are closely involved in the official policy making
process, institutes, commissions inveted and involve to the conference.
The objectives of the
conference are:
·
Review the
progress of the research projects and provide feedback to the research
partners.
·
Share initial
results with the network members and other interested stakeholders including
governments, donors and civil society representatives.
·
Critical
engagement and thematic discussions on key issues of SP with policy makers and
researchers.
·
Engage with
policy makers and identify scope for policy advocacy based on research
findings.
·
Identify ways
to establish the linkage between policy and research for informed policy on SP.
·
Strengthen
the SPA Network.
Conference Themes
SPA has identified the
following thematic areas as critical to understanding of SP:
·
Social
Protection an migration.
·
Social
Protection of the aged.
·
Social
Protection and health.
·
Shelter
security and land as Social Protection (focus on urban slum).
·
Social
Protection and work and employment.
·
Identifying
pathways for graduation and intra household dynamics in Social Protection
Programmes.
·
Social
Protection during disaster.
The conference aims to
review progress made by research partners in these thematic areas and also to
identify broader contours of Social Protection policies in different countries,
in order to engage in discussions with policy makers. The specific research findings, the analysis
would be situated within overall context of Social Protection regimes of the
respective countries, also identifying broad overall commonalities in issues
and approaches.
Structure of the Conference
There are two distint,
yet-inter-connected parst to the conference.
1.
One-day meet
on the research-policy interface.
2.
Two-day
conference on SPA research themes.
3.
Field visit
to the development programmes.
The one-day policy
meer covered the country perspectives, evolution and experiences on Social
Protection policies by policy makers or academicians involved in policy making
followed by discussions on how the policies fared and what the role of research
innforming policies related to Social Protection could be. In the interactive session, policy makers
would provide insights into, what worked and what did not, and what kind of
research and findings would enable the formulate appropiate policies.
The later two days
devoted to sharing the intial findings research partners on their respective thematic
area of Social Protection. The
presentations was critiqued by the experts and advisors and feedback would be
provided to the research teams on methodology, analysis and findings. The opportunity for policy makers to
understand the research components and provide their feedback.
The last day devoted
for visiting some of the development programmes in the city.
Lesson Learned
1.
Invited and
participated on the international conference.
2.
Fruitful
experience when presented an idea, critiqued and discussed with experties and
researchers from many countries.
3.
Upgrading the
knowledge about the social protection from arround the Asia.
4.
Networking
and linkage with researchers and academicians, especially from social proection
field, from arround Asia.
5.
Knowing about
the development programmes and social protection implementation in the Vietnam
and another countries arround the Asia.
6.
Become the
inner circle of the social protection researcher and development studies
expert, especially for Asia Programme.
7.
The knowledge
how to handle and held an international conference.
APPENDIX
THE PRESENTATIONS OF THE CONFERENCE
SOCIAL PROTECTION IN ASIA CONFERENCE AND RESEARCH
WORKSHOP
FORTUNA HOTEL, HANOI – VIETNAM, 01st—5th June 2009
Pioneering
Research and Knowledge Partnerships to Promote Public Action for Livelihood
Security in Changging World
Day 1, 01st June 2009
I.
Introductory
1.
Dr. Sarah Cook (Director of Social Protection in
Asia Programme – Institute of Development Studies, United Kingdom)
A policy research and network
building programme.
To designed social
protection intervension, the objective:
·
Overcome
barriers to the extension Social Protection,
·
Identify and
promote innovative forms of Social Protection,
·
Build in
Asia-wide Network.
The research theme:
·
Mobility and
migration.
·
Informality,
work, employment and Social Protection.
Further information: newsletter@socialprotectionasia.org
2.
Prof. Alakh Sharma (Director of India Human
Development – New Delhi, India)
Research project as
the basis of advocacy and capacity building to change the Social Protection
policy.
3.
David Mulse (Ford Foundation)
Social Protection is
the core value of FF, so the FF funding the Social Protection Programme.
Ford Foundation Hanoi
Office (Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia) will move to Jakarta – Indonesia.
4.
Dr. Evan Due (IDRC Singapore)
Support the research,
especially the applied research and not the academic research, to influence the
stake holders and policy maker by the dissemination of the research findings.
II.
Social Protection in Vietnam
1.
Nguyen Trong Dam (Vietnam Vice Minister of
Ministry of Labour, War Invalids and Social Affair)
Social Protection is
the economic and social aspect for marginalized people.
The NGO, Researcher,
government must be working together.
Social Protection is
the national system called as social insurance plus capacity building to the
empower people. Self reliance is the
national target and part of sustainable development program, inline with
international program (Millenum Development Goals).
2.
Tran Dac Loi (Vice President of Vietnam Union of
Friendship Organizations)
Social Protection.
Changing the paradigm of development become non profit oriented based
anymore. Life of the human being is not
drive by the market or profit.
Natural resources is
for everybody not only keep and manage by a small group of investor. The present system, liberal market system is
wrong.
Vietnam system is
social equality, everybody can access to the resources. Social equality make the high productivity
and Vietnam become the dynamic growing country in social and economic.
Human resources
(capacity building) à Economic
resources à sustainable development
·
Basic
education *
Land reform * Infra
structure
·
Skill training *
Income distribution * Higher education
·
Social
protection * Capacity building * Economic policy based
·
Housing and
healt insurance * Loans
without interest on society
III.
Global Economic Crisis
1.
Dr. Valerie Kozel (World Bank – Vietnam Office)
Social Protection,
helping men and women to get livelihood security.
Crisis in Asia make:
·
Informalization
and marginalization of workers.
·
Migrant
workers (domesticly and internasionally).
·
Gender
differentiated impacts (women workers fired).
Managing the crisis:
·
Return to
rural areas and develop the agriculture sector.
·
Social
network and solidarity (reduced pay and working hours).
·
Social
protection system (improve quality of labour, occupational mobility, and social
insurance and social security system).
2.
Dr. Leonardo Gasparini (CEDLAS – Universidad
Nacional de La Plata – Argentina)
Teh impact of Global
Crisis in Latin America are increase the poverty and decrease the economic
growth. But the social security net
system is good, especially for informal workers and do not have.
Example:
·
Conditional
cash transfer.
·
Provide
income support to households.
·
Promote human
capital accumulation (educational and health).
Policy discussion:
·
Protect most
vulnerable.
·
No Compromise
with macro economics and fiscal position.
See: cedlas.org
3.
Dr. Boitshepong Giyose (Food and Nutrition
Security Advisor – New Partnership for Africa Development – South Africa)
There are 53 countries
in Africa, with vary of cultuure, traditions, etc.
Social protection is
different issues for each country, most of them have poor social protection
system. Debate among investment and
creation.
NEPAD goals and
objective is women empowerment.
Conditions:
1.
Zimbwabwe
(poor conditions)
·
Health system
collapse.
·
No
commodities and poor food security.
·
School drop
out.
·
Government
structure and socio-economics system collapes
2.
Botswana
(good condition)
·
Good
governance and economic growth with the foreign fund.
3.
South Africa
(mixed effect)
·
Social
Protection still exist but cut the amount.
·
High prices
for fuel and food.
·
Lost the
indigeneous insurance scheme.
See: nepad.org and africa-union.org
Notes
from discussions:
Social Protection:
1.
Independencies
versus charity?
2.
No global
model (panacea) but according to the conditions of each country.
3.
Community
based versus universal perspective?
Government role in
Social Protection now a day:
Impelemented the SP
(like Conditional Cash Transfer) as the program or policy not as the holistic
way to reduce the poverty.
The NGO, Academes, and
other social organization must be monitor and evaluate the SP Program: whre the
money go? Who receive the money? What for?
Conclusions:
·
Social
Protection is depend on the national or country perspective, different system
and implementation (very conditionally and based on the local context).
·
Depend on the
economic and social policy regim.
·
Where politic
locate? Human rights or another?
Day 2, 2nd June 2009
I.
Extending Social Protection in Asia: Rights,
Citizenship and Development
1.
Economic Crisis and Informalization (Prof. Aswani
Saith – ISS-The Haque)
Propotion:
1)
Social
Protection is the one dimension of development.
2)
Social
Protection in the universal context, rights for everybody.
3)
Not use
poverty line or quantitative measurement as the benchmark but use the
qualitative measurement.
The poor not only by
one income but the community perspective.
Can they fullfil their basic need?
The aspect:
1)
Agenda for
disability.
Bascic need (spesific need) aspect and wider need (universal need) aspect.
Not only under or above the poverty line.
Example: education need not only for the under poverty line but for all
people.
2)
Wide
dimension of Social Protection.
Social Protection is for every body, especially for the poor.
3)
Beyond the
sosio-economic need.
Not only about growth and development.
4)
The governement’s
goodwill for the people.
Universalization of social protection movement.
2.
Social Policy and Economic Development in Late
Industrializers (Prof. Huck-Ju Kwon –
Graudate School of Public
Administration – University of Seoul – South Korea)
Background
1.
Rethinking
social policy in development context.
Social protection and social justice, social policy in the economic
development context.
2.
Social
protection versus economic efficiency.
Social investment as the solutions (Lisbon Strategy 2000).
3.
Social policy
depend on the social regimes. Social
inclusive versus economic development.
Developmental
Welfarism
Integrate social
policy in the broad context of economic and social development.
1.
Selective
form, productivism and authoritarian political background.
2.
Inclusive
form productivism and democratical political background.
Example: East Asia and Latin America (Selective form), Nordic Country
(inclusive form), development country : early adoption on social policy.
The
Developmental State and Social Solidarity
·
Educational
and health insurance.
·
Export
oriented than import oriented.
·
Standing on
open social structure.
·
Vested
interest (Land reform, distrubuting the small assets to the citizen).
·
High social
mobility (public education).
·
State
bureaucrats and professionals attention.
Conclusions
·
The state
needs to play strategic role in the development context.
-
Facilitate
economic and social development.
-
To provide
social protection.
·
Social
solidarity
-
Broad
participation to social change.
·
Globalization
would not render social policy less significant
Notes from discussion:
1.
Authoratian
and democratic regimes do excluded somebody.
2.
Social
protection on the attention of regimes, not depend on democratic or
authoratian.
3.
Social
protection for who? Rich or poor? Or both?
-
United state
have problem with the poor.
-
India have
problem with the rich.
Social protection is for every body, but for the poor we pay attention more
because they need it more. Example,
education and health are for everybody (the basic need).
4.
The social
protection target is everybody but the top priority is the very poor and poor
people.
-
Social
movement can be do the local group and the government support them with the act
(Thailand experiences).
-
Give the
social protection to every bory, the poor first for the basic need but also for
the middle class for special need.
5.
Targeting for
social protection is important according to the condition of the reciever.
-
Fullfill the
human defisit is the target.
-
Do the social
investment for the better life.
II.
Social Protection in South Asia: Progress and
Barriers Extension
1.
Bangladesh Experiences (Dr. Muhammad G. Sarwar –
Joint Chief Planning Commission)
Social Protection = Social Security Net
The Challenge:
-
Reducing
poverty.
-
Attaining
food security etc.
Social Protection is a
constitual obligation of the state. The right to reasonable rest, recreation,
and leisure. NGO as the partner of geovernment like Grameen Bank.
Social Protection
Programme for all citizen:
-
Social safet
net.
-
Disasarter
management program.
-
Food and
health security.
-
Education.
For the chronic poor:
-
Cash transfer
program.
-
Micro
finance.
-
Block grand
allocation for disaster management.
Note: Fragmanted and
based on the condition and not integrated, just coping the present problem..
Limitations:
-
Not all poor
have access.
-
In appropiate
targetting (ineligible persons).
-
Leakage: more
prevalent in-kind than in cash transfer.
Barriers:
-
Negative
elite perception about social protection.
-
Limited
capacity of state institutions to generate required resources and to
administer.
2.
India Experiences (Prof. Mahendra Dev – Chairman
of Commission for Agriculture Costs and Prices of India)
Economig growth so the
poverty will decrease, but the social performance has not been satisfactory.
Social protection and
employment creation are the national development program.
Risk and Coping
Mechanism:
-
Health risk
and child labour increase, Social Protection deals with social risk, secure
income, and food security.
-
Protection
and promotional programme:
1)
Self
employment programme.
2)
SHG – Bank
linkage, increase income and allocation for food, health and education. Empowerment and reducing poverty.
3)
Wage
employment programme to reduce unemployment and incurances mechanism.
4)
National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA):
o
Unemployment
allowance.
o
Works
permitted.
o
Implemented
by governement and NGO, social audit and monitoring for 0,5% of GDP and 10% of
state expenditure plan.
Problem and challenge:
·
Awareness
problem among the workers.
·
Lack of
professionals.
Conclusions:
·
Most
evaluations official and non official.
·
Lackages have
been reduceed.
·
Significant
raise in agricultural wages:
o
India
controlled the food price.
o
Providing
price support to farmers.
o
Removal lf
classroom hunger.
·
Formal and
informal workers social protection
National commission for unorganized/informal sector:
o
Minimum
social security.
o
Skill
formation.
o
Special
program for marginal and small producers.
o
Strengthening
the grass root capability and ability.
Notes
from Discussion:
1.
Minimum
social security provisions is unique.
2.
Decentralized
geovernment for better implementation.
3.
Capacity
building.
4.
NGO’s and
civil society participation.
5.
Face and
reduce the feudal system.
6.
CCT’s would
be less usefull.
III.
Social Protection in South East Asia:
Informalization
1.
Indonesia Experiences (Dr. Satish Mishra –
Managing Director of Strategic Asia)
Conlict of interest among the politicians. Claim each other as their
program and success.
Decentralization make the implementation of social protection hard. Conflict of interest among the state and
provinces.
Policy making mechanism in conflict among the department.
Foreign investor mostly in geothermal based and natural resources based.
2.
Social Welfare in Vietnam (Ms. Nguyen Thi Lan –
Vice Director of Department of Social Protection – MOLISA Vietnam)
The household poor
13,47% (2008)
Policy:
·
Hunger
eradiation and poverty reduction (since (1998).
o
Rapid and
sustainable poverty reduction.
o
Monthly
social allowance.
o
Disadvantage
go to governement or non government homestay.
o
Health
insurance.
·
Resolutions
to stimulate the nation economy (since 2008)
o
Allocate the
funding and another resources to reducing the poverty.
Poverty 50% in 1998
and than 13,5% in 2008.
Lesson learned:
-
Economic
development increase so social protection increase and become the equal
society.
-
Allocation of
funding resources from government.
-
Encourage
civil society to contribute.
-
Partnership
with internaational donors.
-
User friendly
social protection policies and programs.
-
Changing
famlily and social structure.
Dynamics program of
Social Protection:
-
Increase
information and awareness.
-
Increase
allocation funding from government and donors.
-
Incorporate
and develop modern approach.
-
Conduct
regular survey and in depth studies.
3.
Social and Economic Protection in Korea: Evolution
of Welfare State in Korea (Prof. Huck Ju Kwon)
1.
Sosial
insurance programme for all citizen.
-
Pension
programme and health insurance.
2.
Social
assistance programme.
-
Minimum
living standard guarantee.
3.
Public
pension programme for public and state employ.
Korea success for
rapid economic development and welfare developmentalism. Welfare less than economic efficiency,
economic usefull is everything.
-
Discourage
dependency on the state.
-
Promoting
private resources welfare.
-
State is the
regulator.
Social bases in Korea:
1.
Land reform
2.
Human
resource development
-
Social
mobility.
-
Equality and
open society.
3.
Inclusive
Social Protection, even more often failed because of political lack.
Rescalling
developmental welfare state:
-
Enhanced
universal coverage.
-
Think overall
structure of welfare state.
-
Cash benefits
versus social benefit.
Lowest fertility rate in the world (1,13)
-
Expanding
childcare services.
-
Longterm care
insurance.
-
Responses to
flexible labour market via social enterprises.
4.
Thailand Experiences (Mr. Ruxsax Chotchaisathit –
Inspector General of Social Security Office of Thailand)
Social Protection in
Thailand covered 47million from 66million citizen.
The programme are:
-
Universal
healt insurance.
-
Old age
allowance
-
Informal
sector à increase benefit and accelerate government to
contribute.
Social safety net as
the social protection
|
Multinational
Corporation |
|
People in society
cannot afford into modern world |
|
-
Labour law -
Social
security law |
|
ICT, Biotech,
material tech, nano tech |
|
Increase informal
workers |
|
Molecular economic |
-
Social
security scheme.
-
Micro social
security.
-
Modern social
security.
-
Social
assistance program.
Notes
from discussion:
1.
Decentralization
is successfull program for social transformation in some countries but not work
for others, like Indonesia.
2.
Land reform
as the social policy program is success in Korea, Japan, and Taiwan but what
about in another countries?
3.
In South East
Asia, informal workers increase and now aday become 75% of total workers,
Social Protection only support the formal workers not informal workers. So, informal excluded from the Social
Protection.
4.
Social
protection included at social development programme.
5.
Economic and
social development in the best way for ASEAN countries. Influence by the political economy.
6.
Flexible
labour market, make the workers in the risky positions.
Job or work security must be part of the Social Protection, for formal and
informal worker.
7.
Indonesia
conditions: concentrated in Jakarta and Java, make the decision making for
national approach is difficult.
Conditional cash transfer (Program Keluarga Harapan or PKH) not cure the
crisis and not for Social Protection but for the short term reaction to cope
the sosioeconomic problems.
Social protection in Indonesia is the Social Development Program with long
term approach.
Social Protection is the social investment for social transformation.
Notes:
Indonesia have 33 municipal or provinces and 390 districts (cities and
residence), they have authonomy to run the National Social Protection. So the
social protection implementation various one another.
IV.
Thinking Through the Regional Agenda for Social
Protection
1.
Dr. K.P. Kannan (CDS – Trivandrum)
Social Protection = social security.
1)
Contigencies
protection à social detection.
2)
Many methods
and many schemes. Implementation
according to the conditions of the country.
3)
Basic minimum
social security.
4)
Priority in
the national budget.
5)
Creating
public employment program.
2.
Mr. Sandeep Chachra (Action Aid)
Social Protection
promote social bases for social development.
1)
Consolidation
of the social forces.
2)
Political
instrument and agencies.
3)
Linkage of
political instrument with social movement.
3.
Mr. Joge Carillo (United nations Economic and
Social Commission for Asia-Pacific – UNESCAP)
Social Protection and
Social Justice.
Barriers:
inequalities, social exclusion, and vulnerable risk.
Need:
-
Citizenship.
-
Legal
empowerment.
-
Access to
justice.
-
Rights based
appoarch.
-
Rule of law.
Advocacy for social policy and the implementations.
4.
Dr. Melissa Andrade (International Poverty Center)
Social safety net for
each country.
1.
Not only for
spesific program but integrated program.
2.
The program
according to the national context.
3.
Cas transfer
(BLT) and conditional cash transfer not the panacea for all countries.
4.
Different
program for the different target group.
5.
Economic
bases develoment reform.
6.
Research
network to promote and sharing information.
7.
Build the
dialogue mechanism with the policy maker.
Notes
from discussion:
1)
State policies, beyond the government regimes
program.
2)
Transfer of
information and experiences among the countries with their successfull
programme.
3)
Social
protection = social justice = social empowerment.
4)
Global social
floor, ILO minimum standard for wages.
How much the minimum standard for
each country?
5)
Working eith
claim holders of excluded group.
6)
Working with
the grassroot movement.
7)
Cash transfer
is loan from World Bank to the some government, so tehy must pay back. Why did included to the Social Protection
Programme?
8)
Mak social
policies menchanism implemented in all arround the world.
9)
Learn among
the countries experience and accross the region. Prototype and model of Social Protection.
10) Accross boreder learning and sharing the success
and unsuccess program to make a better Social Protection approach.
11) Policy action for a trigger social implementation
in every country.
12) Sharing the best practices.
13) Redifinition of what is the Social Protection and
what the instrument.
14) Build a concensus among the Social Protection
activist to make the Social Protection implemented all arround the world.
15) Integrated program that the Social Protection and
social policy implementation.
16) Make the non market mechanism of Social Protection
accepted.
17) Understanding political and technical barriers to
implementation of Social Protection.
18) Working for the marginalized people or community.
19) Social Protection is the human development and
social investment.
20) The corruption issue in every contry.
21) Social Protection is the holistic approach, beyond
the economic and social growth.
22) Satae terrorism and state violence in some
countries.
23) Social Protection in the global perspective.
Closing and Conclusions (Mr. C. Upendranad – SPA
Coordinator)
Global panel, sharing
the experiences and best practices od Social Protection implementations and
implications.
Political and agencies
barriers but the most important is the human resources barriers for
implementation the Social Protection.
Day 3, 3rd June 2009
Social Propection Annual Research Workshop
Introduction (Dr. Sarah Cook – Director of Social
Protection in Asia)
Agenda:
1)
Working Plan
2)
Publication
a.
SPA Book
(July 2010).
b.
UNESCAP Book
(December 2009).
3)
SPA Working
Paper, annual report at July 2009, 5.000 word per paper of research result.
4)
Collecting
volume for the next year.
1.
Migration and Social Protection in China and
Vietnam
Chairman: Prof. Amitabh Kundu
(Jawharlal Nehru University – India)
Population increase à seeking work
increase à migrant workers increase.
1)
Dr. Le Bach Duong (Institute fro Social
Development Studies – Hanoi-Vietnam)
Social Protection for rural-urban migrants in an era of increasing
population mobility and socio-economic transformation in Vietnam
Unprecedented population mobility à Social Protection for migrants.
Learn form China experiences à legal framework Social Protection for migrant and non migrant vulnerable.
Equal economic, social, and political rights for all (the Vietnam
Constitution):
·
Governement
create the barriers among rural and urban migrants. Divided to 4 categories.
·
Households
registration to access rights and law.
Not registered has no access.
Example: for employment
-
Loans
promotion.
-
Education and
financial support.
-
Health care
insurance.
Migrant workers must
pay much higher prices for electricity, pipe water, etc.
Migrant workers mostly
work in the informal sector.
Face the difficulties
to access core services and higher cost.
2)
Dr. Yu Zhu (Center for Population and Development
Research – Fujian University – China)
Social Protection for rural urban migrants workers in China
China socio economic development increase, make workers mobility à rural completely exclueded from the system.
Social welfare household system, dividing the population agricultural and
non agricultural sector.
Disadvantage for migrant wokers, non agri cultural population unstable job
and low income.
China governement set up new policies but the problem is the understanding
of rural-urban migrant Social Protection.
Social Protection for rural-urban migrant.
-
Employment and income
o
Dangerous,
dirty, and demanding
o
Low income
o
High risk to
be unemployment
o
Trade union
encourage
o
Timely
payment of wages and minimum wages
o
Employment
contract
-
Social
insurance
o
Low social
insurance coverage for rural-urban migrant
o
Poor
unemployment insurance coverage
o
Development
of new rural urban mingrant cooperative
-
Housing
o
Constructution
for migrant workers by the ministry of construction
o
Safety
standards of migrant accomodation
o
Urban housing
security system
-
Children
education
o
Not enough
schooling places in the publilc school
o
Some school
for migrant workers but they are poorly funded and teaching is the dubious
quality
o
Local
government at the migrant destination and their home towns take responsibility
to providing and funding the schoool.
o
Government
needs to take a grater share of responsibility of Social Protectiona and the
implementation.
3)
Dr. Daven Wang (Chinese Academy for Social
Sciences Institute of Population and Labor Economics)
Next step:
-
Housing problems
-
Employment
and wage
-
Health and
health care
-
Education of
migrant children
-
Social
insurance and welfare
Notes:
Economic transition
from planning economy to market oriented economy
-
Speed up
institutional reform
-
Create a
friendly urban environment
-
Employment
promotion and labour contract law
-
Integrate
rural and urban development and labour market.
4)
Dr. Miguel A. Salazar (Beijing Normal University)
1)
The changing
of economic system from planning economy to market oriented economy, the impact
is the massive urbanization (mobility). Urban/migrant workers increase and
rural workers decrease.
The new problem arise, Social Protection for migrant workers and rural
workers are specific and different on to another.
2)
Variation of
the local (provincial and city) policies, must be assemble become the universal
policy.
Notes
from discussion:
·
Houesholds
system is very controlling system, set up another system less controlling
system.
·
Data is the
pictures from something we want to know and research is the adding value from
something we already know.
·
Macro
framework for the implementation of the research network to influence the
Social Protection policy.
·
Creating the
Social Protection policy that cover the mobility of population.
·
The political
system is different one from another region, so the Social Protection will be
different. Need to set up the universal
Social Protection system.
·
Migrant is
not homogeneous group so the Social Protection policy can not be specific for
one group only but general for the all group and even universal to cope the
rural-urban workers and all the citizen.
·
Migration
still treat as the problem or negative image.
Poverty, conflict, or war issue in their hometown and create new problem
(housing, health care, education, etc) in their new town.
·
Push the
governement to make the Social Protection policy to protect the migrant at
their new town and rural workers at their hometown. Actually Social Protection policy is
implemented for all citizen as the responsibility of the country to fulfill the
citizen rights and the human rights as the human being.
2.
Livelihoods, Employment and Social Protection
Chairman: Dr. Valerie Kozel (World
Bank in Vietnam)
1)
Mr. C. Upendranadh (Institute of Human Development
– India)
Instituational and Governance Challenges in Social Protection: The to Work
Programme in India
Regional variations in the level of implementation and outcomes a cross the
in state of labour wages.
Capacity of the implementation apparatus and social society participation
is the key engines for success:
-
Lack of
knowledge
-
Lack of
guidelines
-
Institutational
capacity missing
-
Quality of
implementation
-
Distribution
of benefits
-
Transparency
safeguards (wahe calculation)
-
Convergence
with othe programmes
Method: Process
dimensions
Qualitative and quantitative
dimensions to implementation the process.
Initials observation
use FGD.
Issues:
-
Delays in
payment
-
Uniform
payment to all groups
-
Field work
and households is far away
-
Demand
management is a problem
-
Reduction in
migration
-
Rural wages
increased
Field of work are land
development, forestry, road connectivity, water conservation etc.
Massive working for
infrastructure project in the village, open opportunity to control the
migration.
Summary:
-
Positive
impact
-
Defisite in
work site facilities, low wages, lack of staff knowledge, and institutional.
Prof.
D.N. Reddy (Institute of Human Development – India)
NREGA as the Social Protection, working minimum employment of the
household.
Better than cash transfer, because have capacity building aspect.
The missing ascpect:
·
Lack of the
implementation
-
Land reform
without proper facilities and infrastructgure.
-
Without
professional assistance and skill training.
·
No transfer
of knowledge from governement to local (village) leader
2)
Ms. Ratna Sudharshan (ISST – New Delhi India)
Examining NREGA: Women Participation and Impacts
State with high poverty levels and high participation
Wages earned: minimum wages but above the market rate for women but under
the market rate for men, limited male participation.
State program to eradicity the poverty, based on National Working Guarantee
Acts.
Give the educated women working opprotunity even for the minimum work,
payment into bank account and takes time to hence daily housholds needs.
For agricultural sector, depend to the traditional calender planting,
forcing upward revision of wages.
Limitations:
-
Limited to
young women with young child
-
Low
participation to the local people who have ownland
-
Migrant
population seeking for the higher wages.
Impacts:
-
Wider impact
on market wages
-
Intra
household allocation responsibilities
-
Absord the
women supply labour
-
Strong
developmental state
Advocacy:
Strong role civil
society groups and NGO’s for better implementation and higher awarenesss.
3)
Ms. Boonsoom Namsomboon (Foundation for Labour and
Employment Promotion)
Genders Perspective in NREGA Project in India
Gender discrimination base on the culture, only number of women not prove
on gender equality.
4)
Dr. Sujata Prosad (Institute for Governement
Accounts and Finance – Ministry of Finance India)
NREGA: Guarantee working opportunity, increase the women participation,
health security, education, capacity building, and participatory planning. Also increase the domestic violence and drop
out the girl student to take care their brother or sistes.
Notes
from discussion:
·
Impact to
province and state accumulately.
·
East Asia
facing the migrant workers and the big number of people to serve.
·
South Asia
decrease the migrant workers, improve the women participation, civil society
participation, but facing the the quality of serve and government resources.
·
NREGA
programme increase the wages market.
·
Women
participation increase but chilcare decrease, new household problem.
·
Flexibility
or some institutional structure among the provinces.
·
What about
the programme stop? Longterm perspective aspect especially the impact of the
capacity building.
·
NREGA is the
universal programme to cope the working opportunity (even for the minimum
wage).
·
The NREGA
programme differented according to the local context.
·
Productivity
of the state increase.
3.
Social Protection for Aged
1)
Prof Xiamoei Pei (Tsinghua University – China)
The Role of the Community in Rural China
Instituional building for Social Protection in transitional societies:
-
Potential
between the individual and state.
-
Finance
beyond employment-based programs.
-
Process right
optaining.
-
Dependency at
the aged in the modern society.
Make it:
-
Rural eldery
remain independent and contribute to the family and community.
-
Local
resources can be mobilized to support the eldery.
Organized community
effort:
Pension housing, paid
work, opportunities, care subsidies, accompanied by the country old age
insurance.
Resource mobilization
+ community governance + individual authority
à welfare aged à pension, work, housing, care subsidies, o;d age
insurance, and helath care.
Self organized
community:
Self organized eldery
villagers to contribute to the local economics development:
-
Relatively
high social status,
-
Created
opportunities for economic independence,
-
Resources
accumulation.
Unorganized self
support:
Living indenpendently
from the children.
Findings and follow
up:
-
Status of the
eldery is related to the community resources moblization and distribution.
-
Realtions to
community development.
-
Positions to
the community social status.
-
Institualized
programs for the aged.
-
Relations to
the community welfare distribution.
2)
Dr. Marissa L. San Jose (Senior Occupational
Health Officer – Phillipines)
Eldery in Philipnes still working, even they are suffer
The Social Protection program is Occupational, Safety and Health.
Notes from discussions:
·
Rural people
never retired, no work no eat. In india
state did not give any potection at all.
·
The different
area, different Social Protection policy model.
·
Linkage the social
society organization with the government.
Self organized Social Protection program with the governement program.
·
The family
will take care the elder in the South Asia, so the eldery Social Protection is
not needed.
·
Social
Protection is norm based, widely thinking about the program.
·
Social
Protection for eldery, the resources must be owned.
o
How to
mobilized?
o
How to
organized?
o
How to
distributed?
o
For indpendency and not give the children or
family another burdens.
o
Contributed
to the family and community.
Individual à household à family à community à state
3)
Dr. Darshini Mahadevia (CEPT – Ahmedabad India)
Social Protection and Shelter Urbanization, Inclusive Urbanization: Social
Protection for Slum and Pavement Dwellers in India.
Social Protection and urban policies = social policies.
Tebure, urban land tenure and Social Protection linkage.
Community mobilization for basic services.
Formation and informal settlement.
Ahmedabad is the industrial town à 400 years industrial history and dominated the economic.
India: 30% (320million) living in urban area, 25,7% of them (80million)
bellow the official poverty line, 70% (220million) of urban work in the
informal sector.
Migration is low becuase the capital intensive nature of industrialization
and increasing hosility to the low income migrants in the cities.
-
Urban
policies no confortable for migrants.
-
Discourage
rural-urban migration.
-
Urban land
reform legislation.
-
Urban land
ceiling and regulation act.
Reform:
-
Urban
visioans of world class cities.
-
Expulsions
from urban space through eviction and displacement.
-
Land reform
housing for the poor.
Social Protection in
urban areas, Government responsibilities to:
-
Water supply
and sanitation
-
Roads and
public transport.
-
Housing and
land development.
-
Rarely
education.
-
Health care
insurance.
-
Social
security net (work opportunities and minimum wages).
Urban and tenure
Continum levels of
security, from insecure to secure tenure:
-
Legal
ownership or renting document.
-
Certificate
of legal development on the land.
-
Properly tax
bill and possesing of voting card and electricity bill.
4)
Mr. Haris Gazdar (Collective for Social Science
Research – Pakistan)
Residential Land as the Social Protection: Local Mobilization in Pakistan
Linkages between residential security dan trandformative Social Protection
agenda.
Emperical window on social marginalization.
Massive asstes transfer programs.
Residential security:
-
Right to
adequate housing.
-
Contractual
security.
-
Social
arrangements to access.
-
Administrative
requirements of fixed.
Findings:
-
Migration and
displacement.
-
Individual
versus community security.
-
Transactional
relations with political policies.
-
On going
contest overcalims.
-
Active
process of group formation.
-
Role of women
in asserting claims.
-
External
shock makes (in) security saliant.
-
Regularization,
infrastructure and intervention.
Implications:
-
Social
arrangements and community formation dominate.
-
Solidarity
empowers (for marginalized and women).
-
External
agents involvement.
5)
Dr. Rosalinda P. Ofreneo (Homeworkers Network
South East Asia)
Social Protection in shelter reform model.
Need:
-
Collective
action.
-
Advocacy
narrative.
-
Subsectoral
analysis à the exactly definition.
-
Inclusive
urban planning.
-
Conservation
with multiple stakeholders.
Notes
from discussion:
·
Slum area
evictioned and move to the settlement or land in new area.
·
Implication
of law and regulation to the community.
·
Land reform
is the best way to reduce the slum area.
·
Civil society
must be stand up and fight for.
4.
Achieving Policy Influence Throug Research
Chairman: Mr. Harsh Mander (Special
Commissioner of the Right to Food – Supreme Court of India)
1)
Influencing Policy Through Research (Dr. Rosalinda
P. Ofraneo & Mr. Daniel S. Stephanus – Homenet South East Asia)
How the Research Advocacy Go Together and Reinforce Eash Other
Advocacy group, research capability and experience
-
Networking
with academe
-
Working with
government agencies who concern to the Social Protection.
Advocacy agenda:
-
Universal health insurance.
-
Social
security insurance.
-
Strengthen
laboir market and occupational safety and health.
-
Support
community based.
For informal workers especially homeworkers.
Research is the basis
of the legal drafting and advocacy.
Influence the policy
making proceess.
-
Coping the
gaps of knpowledge.
-
Conflict of
interest among the stakeholders with policy maker.
2)
Prof. Dashini Mahadevia (CEPT University –
Ahmedabad India)
Gap among researcher (academe) with the policu maker (government
apparatus).
Identify the stake holders is the a difficult job but it’s must be
doing. To ensure the target of the
research and the research result go.
3)
Prof. Xiaomei (Tsinghua University – China)
Research is to push social attention of the policy maker and set up the
model with pilot project program.
-
Propose the
national program.
-
Publilc
recognition and awareness.
-
Political
incentives promoted via dissemination of the research result and best
practices.
“Message to be sent to
the policy maker”
4)
Dr. Muhammad Sarwar (Planning Commission of
Bangladesh)
Policy making influenced by the political leader and external funding
agencies.
Research is the information for policy making, especially action research.
Example Grameen Bank by Prof. Mohammad Yunus.
Research and policy making depend one each other. The power structure and academic research
joint and work together as the agent of change for social transformation.
5)
Mr. Tripurari Sharan (Secretary Food and Public
Distribution Government of Bihar – India)
Policy making, different point of view among the academe and beureacrat.
Research finding can support or become obstacle for policy making.
Government data is very poor, the researcher is needed to update the data
and current information and issue. The
data and information adjusted with the political spectrum.
Research needed by the government:
Action research, Fundamental
research, Macroeconomic research and Sosio economic research.
Notes
from discussion:
·
Ensure the
voice of the research finding become part of the public policy making.
·
The political
porblems (esecutive – legislative – political party) influence the policy
making. Research finding must be
influence the political leader.
·
Policy
making, small influence if compare with the international pressure, media
pressure, and political goals to winning ellection.
·
Gap of the
methodology knowledge among governement versus researcher. The governement attent to the attractive
presentation and dont pay attention to the quality of the research.
·
Influence
policy making by so many way. Research
can be arrange as many forms (publication, media opinion, etc.). Send the message with so many languages, but
keep the data ownessly.
·
Policy
researcher act like as the policy researcher and not as the policy maker. Policy researcher give the opinion or
information with the data perspective not political or other perspective.
·
Research give
the timely information. Send the message
(research finding) ASAP. In the attractice form and as short as possible.
·
Use the
international research agencies (like SPA) to disseminate teh research finding
and as the international pressure. The
voice is louder than local or national level only.
·
High level
political engagement (example: China government in East Asia) as the regional
or international pressure to another country in the region.
·
Researcher just
do the research without think about the political influence. Just find the research finding, do
dissemination, and be patience (moment and opportunity) than influence the
policy making happen.
Day 4, 4th June 2009
1.
Social Protection Intervensions: Design and
Evaluation
Chairman: Dr. Sathish Mishra
(Managing Director of Strategic Asia)
1)
Dr. Widjajanti Suharyo (SMERU Institute –
Indonesia)
The roles of women in the ner Indonesia Conditional Cash Transfer (CCTs),
Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) CCTs to The Chronic Poor
The CCTs program for the chronic poor and roles by the women, house wife.
-
Aiming
quality of human: health and ecducation.
-
Cut the
intergenerational poverty trap.
Findings:
-
The program
is not monitoring well.
-
Health
service know the program but don not know to monitoring and reporting system.
-
Evolution in
gender perspective and increase the education.
-
Reinforce
tradition gender.
-
Women income
increase but still responsible to the household activities.
PKH progam is the
dynamic family welfare program, but the problem are:
-
Lack of
understanding of the operator.
-
Traditional
gender bias.
-
Opportunities
work of the migran workers (cities and international).
-
Consumption
and housing renovation.
Notes:
-
Better than
directly or unconditional cash transter (BLT Program).
-
in line with
the local custom (women as the financial manager of the family).
-
Increase
motivation to send the children going to school.
2)
Dr. Linxiu Zhan (CCAP – China)
Good News and Bad News of National Representative of New Health Protection
fir Rural in China
Medical service is decrease:
-
Coverage of
medical insurance decrease.
-
Cost of
medical cost increase.
-
Government
funding for health care decrease.
China government held
new cooperative medical system (NCMS)
-
Publicly
funded medical care for rural people.
-
Institutional
framework.
China did not use
percapita income or household income but village or community income to measure
of poorness or poverty or welfare.
NCMS cover all the
China rural people.
Good news:
-
Medical
services and hospitalization.
-
Medical
expenditures increase.
-
Percapita
inpatient expencitures increase.
Bad News:
-
Participant
who received reimbursement.
-
Most people
us their own money to medical expenditure.
-
The
government budget not much (10% of the GNP), not enough to cover all people.
Policy Implications:
-
Government
needs to raising the funding.
-
Reform health
system and provide appropiate incentive for the medical persons.
-
Provide
vilage clinics and towns hospital.
3)
Dr. Melissa Andrade (International Poverty Center
– Brazilila)
·
More mecial
threament than preventive health care in China.
·
Indonesia
have so many schemes like community schemes (PNPM and Sekolah Gratis), Family
schemes (PKH), and individual schemes (BLT).
Long trip to human investment but trapping in consumption.
·
Wider gender
perspective:
o
Women in
labour marker.
o
Women
empowerment.
o
Women roles
in community.
·
Problems:
o
Demand and
supply perspective for women.
o
Reinforcement
of the conditional, uses of the money.
o
Women and
birth health issue.
o
Benefit of
sending children to school.
4)
Dr. Rudy Prawiradinata (National Development
Planning Board of Indonesia)
PKH program objective is health and education for longterm (human
investment).
Held in 13 Provinces, 40 district, 100 villages.
The comprehensice monitoring and evaluation in the end of 2009.
Notes from discussions:
·
Simple
procedure in PKH, ensure uses of money?
·
The different
health system in China, some people excluded.
·
Joining
survey and research among the research and the government apparatus (SMERU and
Bappenas).
·
One system
arrangement, the moye increase perperson or perhousehold.
·
Awareness of
the people who inpacted by the program, empowerment and innitiative.
·
Improving
gender equality not depend on one program but influenced by many perspective.
·
Government
attention and involvement to the social problem, budget for poverty reducing
must be increase.
·
Heterogeneous
scheme, every district have their own scheme according to their conditions.
·
PKH have no
gender program, but have gender implication.
2.
Protecting the Most Vulnerable
Chairman: Prof. Alakh N. Sharma (Director of India
Human Development – India)
1)
Kharisma Huda
(BRAC Development Institute – Bangladesh)
Building Pathwayd for the Poorest: Operationalizing Concept of Graduation
Poverty trap of extreme poor:
-
Fragile
livelihoods.
-
Chronic food
security.
-
Ill Health
and morbidity.
-
Lack of
access to productive assets.
-
Gendered
face.
Complex knot with many
sources, pulling one make others more complex.
Hungry, dependent,
unemployed, landless, etc.
Need sustainable
strategic.
Example: food security
+ increased income and saving + education + health services + health seeking
behaviour.
Graduation model:
Consumption support à saving services à skill training à asset transfer à self reliance.
Rights based approch à micro finance à saving à ROs
2)
Dr. Miguel A. Salazar (Beijing Normal University –
China)
Impact of Natural Disaster on the Social Protection System, Lessons from
Wenchuan Earthquake
Catastrophe management strategy à insurance and prevention
Physical, economic, and environmental damage:
-
Employment
and income.
-
Death and
loss.
-
Housing and
living conditions.
-
Education,
etc.
Government action:
Disaster action à emergency action.
Post disaster action à training and education.
-
Contingency
plans developed.
-
Use
improvisation and use local sources.
-
External
agencies could not substitute local officials, even they were burn out of work
stress.
3)
Dr. Rudy Prawiradinata (National Development
Planning Board of Indonesia)
Gradually Improvement of the Social and Economic Status
1.
Provide the
fish
Assistance and Social Protection program
-
Rice Subsidy
-
Cash transfer
-
Health
insurance
-
Scholarship
2.
Facilitate
with fish rod
Community empowerment program
-
Block grant
-
Infrastructure
3.
Assist to
have fish rod and boat
Micro and small-scale enperprise empowerment
-
Micro credits
-
Financial
assistance
The most vulnerable,
extreme poor, poor, near poor.
Social Protection
system in Indonesia
·
Act 40/2004 –
Social Security System act, for worker in formal sector
-
Health
insurance
-
Old age
saving and pensions
-
Accident
benefit
·
Act 11/2009 –
Social Welfare Act
-
Social
assistance
-
Dissable and
disaster victims
Secretariat of the
council established on January 2009.
Preparing government
regulations to operatonalize law.
-
Trust fund
principles
-
Cover to the
all people.
-
Establish
single identity number.
-
But limited
governement budget.
-
Develop
integrated Social Protection System.
Notes
from discussions:
·
Disaster
Management Social Protection Model, anticipate and cope the social problem before
the disaster come.
·
Gender
perspective in the disaster management Social Protection model.
3.
Social Protection in Asia: An Agenda for Research
and Policy Advocacy
Chairman: Prof. Huck Ju Kwon, Prof.
Aswani Saith, and Prof. Naila Kabeer
What kind policy implication from the reseach?
·
Research
program and agenda.
·
Impact of the
research finding.
·
Reseacrh must
be neutral and give the information to all stake holders( government, NGOs,
civil society, and community).
·
Cross the
sonstrint and make the universal approach.
Notes
from discussions
·
Cross country
research, sub regional and regional.
·
Social an
political ecnomic framework.
·
Research
finding must be deliver to the policy making process. In many way in may form in many language.
·
Research
implementation by the policy maker.
·
Felxibility
of the study, variety of the problem must be cover. Can be set up as the macro or universal
overview, overall development process, and universal framework.
·
Social
Protection is the coping strategy for social development as empowering
strategy.
·
Indegenous
community mechanism of Social Protection must be develop again.
4.
ASEAN, China, and Korea Meeting
Chairman: Dr. Sarah Cook (Social
Protection In Asia Director)
Final report of all
SPA programmes is August 2010, so in the end of July 2010 all financial and
narrative report must be assamble.
·
Set up the
universal issue and key issue, example modelling Social Protection Disaster
Management.
·
Key element
of the project.
·
International
dissemination and publications.
·
Aknowldegement,
link with another SPA partner.
·
Clear
research question must be written.
·
Workshop of
research finding with stake holders.
·
Report form
and publication can be deliver in various form, according to the nature of the
project and not depend on the IDS guidelines.
·
Even no
policy about the Social Protection but many policies have impact to Social
Protection that can be influenced by the research.
·
Informalization
in economy is the latest phenomena that impact the Social Protection and
influence the welfare policy.
Closing Notes:
Reseacrh
Communication Stategies
·
Programme
commitment to engaging with policy process, advocacy, and knowledge sharing.
·
Planning to
identify:
o
Key message,
o
Stakeholders,
o
Communcation
objective,
o
Activity and
tools,
o
When and who.
Move
Forward with a Collective Agenda
·
Globalization
context.
o
Influence the
labour market.
o
Changing
economic structure.
·
Social
Protection rural people in general.
·
Social
Protection for informal sector.
·
Social
Protection floor, percountry and internationally
o
Strengthening
the basis of Social Protection.
o
Networking
among the Social Protection research and institutions with another institutions
who concern about Social Protection.
·
Cross cutting
issue at region and international.
·
Crisis and
the reaction of the policy maker, Social Protection as reaction (short term
perspective) or human investment (long term perspective).
·
Advocacy
platform for Social Protection in Asia.
·
To keep
networking for long term and sustainability of the movement.
·
The good and
bad impact of the Social Protection system.
·
Research is
to do action.
·
Social
Protection for every body.
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